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AUTHOR: 


DECKMAN,  ALICE  ANNA 


TITLE: 


STUDY  OF  THE  IMPER 
SONAL  PASSIVE  OF... 

PLACE* 

PHILADELPHIA 

DA  TE : 

1920 


Master  Negative  if 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 
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UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  IMPERSONAL 
PASSIVE  OF  THE  VENTUM 

EST  TYPE 


BY 


ALICE  ANNA  DECKMAN 


A  THESIS 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF  THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL  IN 

PARTIAL  FULFILLMENT  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR 

THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 
1920 


UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  IMPERSONAL 
PASSIVE  OF  THE  VENTUM 

EST  TYPE 


BY 


ALICE  ANNA  DECKMAN 


A  THESIS 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF  THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL  IN 

PARTIAL  FULFILLMENT  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR 

THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 
1920 


Grateful  acknowledgment  and  sincere  thanks  are  tendered  to 
Professors  John  C.  Rolfe,  Walton  B.  McDaniel,  George  D.  Hadz- 
sits,  Harry  B.  Van  Deventer  and  Edward  H.  Heffner  of  the 
Latin  Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  to 
Professor  Roland  G.  Kent  of  the  Department  of  Indo-European 
Philology  and  Sanskrit  of  the  same  University,  for  their  helpful 
suggestions  and  criticism  in  the  preparation  of  this  thesis. 


PREFACE 


The  following  dissertation  on  "Impersonals  of  the  Ventum 
Est  type"  was  suggested  by  Professor  Kent's  review  of  Profes- 
sor H.  E.  Burton's  Latin  Grammar  in  the  Classical  Weekly  5.  162. 

Professor  Kent  says,  "In  §346  ventum  est  is  rendered  by  'some 
one  came',  but  it  means  also,  and  more  often,  'they  (he,  we) 
came.' " 

This  remark  has  led  to  this  study,  the  aim  of  which  has  been 
to  investigate  the  use  of  the  impersonal  passive  of  the  type  ven- 
tum est,  and  to  discover  whether  or  not  impersonals  of  this  class 
have  a  definite  agent  or  doer  of  the  action  logically  implied  in  the 
context. 

The  material  for  this  thesis  has  been  gathered  from  those  au- 
thors of  the  republican  period  of  whom  we  have  works  or  por- 
tions of  works  preserved  substantially  entire:  Plautus,  Terence, 
Cato,  Varro,  Caesar  and  the  other  works  found  in  the  Corpus 
Caesarianum,  Lucretius,  Catullus,  Sallust  and  Nepos. 

Examples  (about  nine  hundred  in  number)  found  in  Cicero 
and  classified  on  page  40  have  not  been  discussed,  since  they  add 
nothing  new  to  the  investigation. 

The  works  of  other  authors  of  this  time,  as  Livius  Androni- 
cus,  Naevius,  Ennius,  Lucilius,  Pacuvius,  etc.,  have  not  been 
used,  because  they  are  in  a  fragmentary  condition  and  the  prop- 
er context  for  such  study  is  usually  lacking. 

A.  A.  D. 


CONTENTS 

Bibliography 7 

I.     Definition  and  Classification  of  Impersonal  Verbs  9 

II.     Divisions  of  the  Ventum  Est  Type 14 

Hi.     Impersonals  with  Agent  Unexpressed 15 

1 .  First  Singular  Definite 

2.  Second  Singular  Definite 18 

3.  Third  Singular  Definite 19 

4.  First  Plural  Definite 23 

5.  Second  Plural  Definite 25 

6.  Third  Plural  Definite 26 

7.  Second  Singular  Indefinite 33 

8.  Third  Singular  Indefinite 34 

9.  Third  Plural  Indefinite 35 

IV.     Impersonals   with  Agent  Unexpressed  but  Defin- 
itely Known 37 

I.     Third    Singular 37 

II.     Third    Plural 37 

V.     Impersonals  with  Expressed  Agent 38 

VI.    Summary  and  Conclusion 40 

Appendices:    I.     Excursus  on  Caesar 43 

II.     Doubtful    Readings 46 

III.     Remarks  on    relinquitur,  etc 47 

Indices:  I.     Index    Locorum 48 

II.     Index    Verborum 54 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


In  addition  to  the  various  editions  and  translations  of  the  Lat- 
in authors,  the  following  works  have  been  consulted : 

Allen,  J.  H.  and  J.  B.  Greenough,  New  Latin  Grammar,  New  York,  1903. 

Bennett,  C.  E.,  Latin  Grammar,  Boston,  revision  of  1908. 

Bennett,  C.  E.,  Syntax  of  Early  Latin,  The  Verb,  Vol.  I,  Boston,  1910. 

Draeger,  A.,  Historische  Syntax  der  lateinischen  Sprache,  Leipzig,  1874. 

Ernout,  A.,  Recherches  sur  Vemploi  du  pas sif  latin,  in  Memoires  de  la  societe  de 
linguistique,  15.290  ff. 

Gildersleeve,  B.  L.,  Latin  Grammar  (revised  by  G.  Lodge),  third  edition,  New 
York,    1905. 

Hale,  W.  G.  and  C.  D.  Buck,  Latin  Grammar,  Boston,  1903. 

Kiihner,  R.,  Ausfuhrliche  Grammatik  der  lateinischen  Sprache,  Vol.  II,  part  I 
(second  edition,  revised  by  C.  Stegman),  Hannover,  1912. 

Lane,  G.  M.,  Latin  Grammar  for  Schools  and  Colleges  (revised  by  M.  H.  Mor- 
gan), New  York  1903. 

Madvig,  I.  N.,  Latin  Grammar,  Oxford,  1849. 

Meusel,  H.,  Lexicon  Caesarianum,  Vol.  I,  Berlin,  1887;  Vol.  II,  Berlin,  1893. 

Roby,  H.  J.,  Latin  Grammar  for  Schools,  London,  1880. 

Zumpt,  C.  G.,  Grammar  of  the  Latin  Language,  New  York,  1846. 


CHAPTER  I 


DEFINITION  AND  CLASSIFICATION  OF  IMPERSONAL 

VERBS 

This  chapter  deals  with  the  definition  and  classification  of  the 
impersonals  as  given  by  grammarians.  They  all  seem  to  have  the 
same  opinion  with  little  or  no  variations. 

Zumpt  §225  thus  defines  an  impersonal  verb:  "The  term  im- 
personal verbs  strictly  applies  only  to  those  of  which  no  other 
but  the  third  person  singular  is  used,and  which  do  not  admit  a 
personal  subject  (I,  thou,  he),  the  subject  being  a  proposition, 
an  infinitive,  or  a  neuter  noun  understood." 

Madvig  §165  writes:  "Those  verbs  are  called  impersonal 
which  are  used  only  in  the  third  person  singular,  and  have  usual- 
ly no  reference  to  a  subject  in  the  nominative." 

Allen  and  Greenough  consider  this  a  definition  of  impersonal 
verbs:  "Many  verbs  from  their  meaning,  appear  only  in  the 
third  person  singular,  the  infinitive,  and  the  gerund.  These  are 
called  Impersonal  Verbs,  as  having  no  personal  subject." 

Roby  §575  says,  "Certain  verbs  in  the  third  singular,  where 
the  fact  of  the  action,  state,  or  feeling  is  the  prominent  point  and 
the  doer  is  left  indefinite,  are  called  impersonals." 

Gildersleeve  §208  says,  "  Impersonal  verbs  are  verbs  in  which 
the  agent  is  regularly  implied  in  the  action,  the  subject  in  the 
predicate,  so  that  the  person  is  not  expressed." 

Lane  §1034  expresses  his  idea  of  an  impersonal  thus:  "Some 
verbs  have  no  subject  at  all  in  the  third  person  singular;  these 
are  called  Impersonal.'' 

Roby  seems  to  have  been  the  only  one  who  emphasized  the 
fact,  that  an  impersonal  expression  is  used  when  the  writer  wish- 
es to  make  the  act  prominent  and  the  actor  secondary.  This 
idea  is  very  clearly  brought  out  by  a  French  scholar,  A.  Ernout 
in  his  '^ Recherches  sur  Vemploi  du  passif  latin,''  in  M.  S.  L, 
15.292.  In  distinguishing  between  itur  and  it,  eunt,  Ernout  says 
that  the  action  is  stressed  in  the  former,  the  actor  being  obvious 
and  left  to  inference,  while  the  latter  {it,  eunt)  gives  equal  promi- 
nence to  the  act  and  to  the  actor. 

Grammarians  have  classified  these  impersonal  verbs  under 
four  headings. 

9 


lO 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


(i)  The  first  group  contains  all  those  verbs  which  express 
the  operations  of  nature  and  the  time  of  day;  as,  lucet,  pluit,  ton- 
at  J  vesperascit.  This  class  of  verbs  is  ranked  as  impersonal,  al- 
though in  the  ultimate  logical  analysis,  sky,  earth  or  heaven  per- 
sonified is  understood  as  the  subject:  cf.  Cic.  N.  D.  2.25.65, 
also  Ar.  Nub.  1279-1281. 

KOLieiTzi  vuv 

■ludTepa  vo;jL(l^et<;  Katv6v  del  t6v  A  (a  usiv  uSwp  Ik^^'Zoi*  ,  ri  t6v  yJXiov  eXKitv 
KdcTcoOev  TauT6  to08'  uBtop  iraXiv. 
and  II.  12.  25,  26. 

U£  5  apa  LBuq 
(Juvs/lq,  o<t)pa  KS  Oajaov  ocXIzXoa  Tsfxea  ^e^TQ- 

(2)  The  second  class  of  impersonals,  as  defined  by  grammar- 
ians, consists  of  five  verbs  of  "mental  distress"  (Lane  1034), 
miseret,  paenitet,  piget,  pudet,  taedet.  These  verbs  are  really  caus- 
ative. The  cause  of  the  feeling  is  put  in  the  genitive  and  the  per- 
son affected  by  the  feeling  in  the  accusative.  These  imperson- 
als may  have  an  infinitive  or  clause  as  subject;  as.  Plant.  Pseud. 
282  non  dedisse  istum  pudet;  me  quia  non  accept  piget;  cf.  Allen 
and  Greenough  §354. C. 

Sometimes  these  verbs  are  used  personally  with  a  neuter  pro- 
noun as  subject;  as,  Ter.  Ad.  754  non  te  haec  pudent;  cf.  Allen  and 
Greenough  §354.C,  note. 

Rarely  is  the  subject  an  appellative;  as,  me  quidem  haec  con- 
dicio  non  paenitet,  Plant.  Stich.  51;  cf.  Lane  §1284. 

(3)  The  third  class  of  impersonals,  as  commonly  given,  in- 
cludes those  verbs  which  have  a  phrase,  clause  or  infinitive  as 
subject;  as, 

accidit  evenit  necesse  est  refert 

certum  est  fit  obtingit  restat 

constat  interest  obvenit  superest 

contingit  iuvat  oportet  videtur 

decet  libet  placet 

delectat  licet  praestat 

(4)  The  fourth  class,  represented  by  the  type  ventum  est 
(the  subject  of  this  thesis),  includes: 

(a)  All  the  passives  of  the  intransitive  verbs  of  motion ;  as,  itur, 

(b)  All  passives  of  transitives  used  in  an  intransitive  or  abso- 
lute sense.  In  litteras  scribit,  scribit  is  transitive,  but  in  bene 
scribit  it  is  used  intransitively  or  absolutely.     In  Plant.  Pseud. 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


II 


273,  amatur  is  used  in  this  intransitive  sense,  although  amo  is 
regularly    transitive. 

(c)  The  passives  of  the  verbs  denoting  state,  disposition,  feel- 
ing or  quality,  which  are  intransitive  in  Latin  and  require  an  in- 
direct object  in  the  dative.  "  In  the  passive  such  verbs  are  used 
impersonally,  the  dative  remaining;"  cf.  Hale  and  Buck,  §364. 
Caesar  decimae  legioni  indulgebat  becomes  in  the  passive  decimae 
legioni  a  Caesare  indulgebatur.  Nostri  finitimi  nobis  invident, 
has  for  its  passive  nobis  a  finitimis  nostris  invidetur.  Trebonio 
persuasi,  becomes  in  the  passive  Trebonio  a  me  persuasum  est. 

(d)  Some  deponents  which  are  rarely  used  impersonally;  as 
philosophatum  est  Plant.  Pseud.  687  and  defunctum  sit  Ter.  Ad. 
508. 

(e)  Some  passive  infinitives  depending  on  coepi^desino^  possum^ 
soleo,  etc.,  as  pugnari  coeptum  est  B.  H.  15.5,  desitum  est  potarier 
Plant.  Most.  958,  sisti  potest  Plant.  Trin.  720,  solet  caveri  Varro 
R.  R.  2.  6.  3. 

Coepi  and  desino  show  a  very  marked  peculiarity.  When  they 
are  used  with  an  infinitive  passive  they  are  generally  put  in  the 
passive,  as  pugnari  coeptum  est.  This  is  especially  true  of  Caesar 
and  of  Cicero.  When  the  infinitive  was  used  in  an  impersonal 
sense  and  accordingly  was  passive,  a  change  was  logical.  In  pug- 
nare  coepit,  pugnare  is  the  object  of  coepit;  in  pugnari  coeptum  est, 
pugnari  is  the  subject.  The  point  here  is  the  change  of  subject, 
so  that  instead  of  pugnari  coepit,  pugnari  coeptum  est  (the  pas- 
sive instead  of  the  active)  came  into  use.  Coeptum  est  is  a  real 
passive  while  pugnari  became  passive  because  it  is  impersonal. 
This  usage  was  extended  to  other  phrases,  as  lapides  iaci  coepti 
sunt  in  Caes.  B.  G.  2.  6.  2.  This  is  hardly  a  ''curious  instance 
of  attraction,"  as  Lindsay  calls  it  in  his  Latin  Language,  522, 
cf.  Kiihner  II,  i  §125.1,  2,  also  H.  Kratz  in  N.  Jahrb.  f.  Phil.  u. 
Paedag.,  XI,  724,  f.,  Eduard  Wolfflin  in  Archiv  f.  lat.  Lexikogr. 
u.  Gram.  VI,  loi. 

The  following  notes  contain  remarks  on  apparently  imperso- 
nal passive  forms  that  have  not  been  included,  with  the  reasons 
for  such  exclusion. 

Note  I.  The  neuter  gerundive  of  intransitive  verbs  is  used  with 
est  as  an  impersonal  phrase  to  signify  that  the  action  must 
be  done;  as  nunc  est  bibendum  Hor.  Carm.  i.  37.  i.  Al- 
though  this  form  is  a  variation  of  the  ventum  est  type, 


12 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


examples  containing  it  have  not  been  used,  because,  while 
this  construction  is  passive  in  form,  it  has  no  corresponding 

active. 

''Gerundives  and  gerunds  like  the  English  verbal  in 
-ing  were  originallv  neither  active  nor  passive,  but  might 
stand  for  either  an  active  or  a  passive.  In  time  a  prevail- 
ing passive  meaning  grew  up  in  the  gerundive  and  a  prevail- 
ing active  meaning  in  the  gerund."  Lane  §2238. 
Note  2.  Examples  of  iri  used  with  the  supine  foiming  the  fu- 
ture passive  infinitive,  while  they  are  a  variant  of  the  ven- 
tum  est  type,  are  not  included  in  this  discussion,  because 
this  is  the  regular  way  of  expressing  the  future  passive  in- 
finitive, and  iriy  although  an  impersonal,  is  not  felt  as  one; 
as,  "Cic.  ad  Att.  7.  22.  i  eum  exceptum  iri  puto  =  I  think 
that  there  is  a  going  to  capture  him,  i.  e.  that  he  is  going  to 
be  captured.  Iri  is  used  impersonally  and  eum  is  the 
object  of  exceptum."     Lane  §2273. 

"The  form  of  the  infinitive  future  passive  is  derived  from 
the  notion  of  going  or  intending,  which  easily  passes  over 
into  that  of  futurity."     Zumpt  §668  note. 
Note  3.     Passives  used  with  certain  adverbs  such  as  satis,  tan- 
turn,  istuc,  etc.,  have  not  been  considered,  because  the  idea 
contained  in  these  adverbs  may  be  felt  to  be  the  subject;  as, 
Sallust.  Cat.  19.  6  de  superiore  coniuratione  satis  dictum  (est). 
Satis,  or  the  idea  contained  in  it,  is  the  subject.     In  Caes. 
B.  G.  5.  19.  3  tantum  agris  vastandis  incendiisque  faciendis 
hostibus  noceretur,  tantum  has  been  considered  as  subject. 
In  Caes.  B.  G.  6.  34.  7  and  7.  16.  3  quantum    .     .     .    pro- 
videri  poterat,  quantum  is  the  subject. 
Grammarians  say  very  little  concerning  this  ventum  est  group. 
They  are  content  to  translate  it  by  the  stereotyped  and  mo- 
notonous forms,  there  is  a  coming,  people  came,  etc.,  ignoring 
for  the  most  part  the  fact  that  the  sense  of  the  passage  implies 
a  definite  doer  or  agent,  which  is  expressed  or  clearly  implied 
in  the  context. 

Several  definitions  of  the  ventum  est  type  (as  given  by  gram- 
marians) follow:  **An  impersonal  proposition  is  formed  in 
Latin  by  the  passive  of  intransitive  verbs  (or  transitives  which 
are  used  intransitively  in  a  certain  signification),  by  which 
it  is  simply  asserted  that  the  action  takes  place;  as  ventum  erat 
ad  urhemy     Madvig  §2i8c. 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


13 


"The  third  person  singular  of  a  great  many  words,  especially 
of  those  denoting  movement  or  saying,  is,  or  may  be  used  im- 
personally, even  when  the  verb  is  neuter,  and  has  no  personal 
passive,  e.  g.  curritur  they  or  people  run."     Zumpt  §229. 

"The  passive  of  intransitive  verbs  is  often  used;  as,  vivitur, 
people  live."     Gildersleeve  §208.2. 

"The  passive  of  intransitive  verbs  can  be  used  only  imper- 
sonally; as,  itur,  there  is  a  going,  someone  goes."  Hale  and 
Buck  §20ic. 

"The  passive  of  intransitive  verbs  is  very  often  used  imper- 
sonally; as,  pugnatur,  there  is  fighting,  (it  is  fought)."  Allen 
and  Greenough  §208. 

"The  impersonal  use  of  the  passive  proceeds  from  its  original 
reflexive  (or  middle)  meaning,  the  action  being  regarded  as 
accomplishing  itself  (compare  the  French  cela  se  fait).''  Allen 
and  Greenough  §2o8d,  note. 


CHAPTER  II 

DIVISIONS  OF  THE  VENTUM  EST  TYPE. 

The  examples  of  the  ventum  est  type  collected  from  the  Latin 
authors  of  the  republican  period,  have  been  classified  under  the 
following  headings;  as, 

I..    Actor  not  expressed. 

A.  Actor  definite  in 

a.  first  person  singular, 

b.  second  person  singular  (real), 

c.  third  person  singular, 

d.  first  person  plural 

1.  real, 

2.  editorial, 

e.  second  person  plural, 

f.  third  person  plural. 

B.  Actor  indefinite  in 

a.  second  person  singular  (general), 

b.  third  person  singular, 

c.  third  person  plural. 

2..    Actor  not  expressed,  but  definitely  known  from  the 
verb;  as  Cato  de  Agr.  150.  i  interkalatum  erit  =  ponii- 
fices  inter kalaverint, 
3..     Actor  expressed,  as  in  Caes.  B.  G.  5.  40.  4  anostrisre- 
sistitur.    These  impersonals  have  been  designated  in  this   dis- 
sertation "Impersonals  with  Expressed  Agent." 


14 


CHAPTER  III  I. 


THE  ACTOR  DEFINITE  IN  THE    FIRST    PERSON 

SINGULAR. 

This  division  contains  all  the  verbs  of  the  ventum  est  type,  the 
subjects  of  which,  if  expressed,  would  logically  be  in  the  first 
person  singular;  as,  Plaut.  Merc.  465  auscultabitur.  Demipho 
says  "ad  portum  ne  bitas,  dico  iam  tibi.  Do  not  go  to  the  har- 
bor, I  tell  you  that  now. "  Charinus  is  expected  to  answer  in  the 
first  person,  either  negatively  or  affirmatively.  Instead  of  using 
this  very  much  overworked  first  person,  Plautus  gives  us  a 
variation,  by  using  ''auscultabitur,  it  will  be  heard,"  which  is 
equivalent  to  saying,  "  I  will  heed  you  and  not  go  to  the  harbor. " 
Plaut.  As.  259  impetritum,  inauguratumst  =  impetrivi,    inaugu- 

ravi;  cf.  sumam,  intervortam,  conferam  258. 
Plaut.  Bacch.  66  desudascitur  =  desudasco;  cf.  metuam  65,  me  66. 
Plaut.  Cas.  758^  ihitur  =  ibo,  being  said  in  answer  to  i. 
Plaut.  Cist.  519  definitumst  =  definivi;  cf.  remittam. 
Plaut.  Men.  533/ac/wm  est  =  feci,  being  said  in  answer  to  te  sur- 

rupuisse  aiebas  532. 
Paut.  Men  538  curabitur  =  curabo;  cf.  dicam. 
Plaut.  Men.  6jg  factum  est  =  feci;  cf.  dedi  678,  redimam  680. 
Plaut.  Men.  964  proventum  est  =  proveni;  cf.faciam,  cupio  g62,, 
Plaut.  Merc.  324  visumst  =  vidi,  being  in  answer  to  vide. 
Plaut.  Merc.  465  auscultabitur  =  auscultabo,  being  in  answer  to 

ad  portum  ne  bitas. 
Plaut.  Merc.  776  abibitur  =  abibo,  being  in  answ^er  to  volo    <te 

abire  >  . 
Plaut.  M.  G.  1 1 73  praeceptumst  =  praecepi;  cf.  volo  11 70. 
Plaut.  Most.  314  imperatum  est  =  imperavi;  cf.  volo. 
Plaut.  Most  401  curabitur  =  curabo,  answering  the  command  in- 

tus  cave  muttire  quemquam  siveris. 
Plaut.  Pers.  17    vivitur  =  vivo,  answering  quid  agitur?  which  is 

equivalent  to  quid  agis;  cf.  ut  vales,  ut  queo  I7^ 
Plaut.  Pers.  246  taciturn  erit,  celabitur  =  tacebo,  celabo,  cf.  tu  hoc 

taceto. 
Plaut.  Pers.  320  credetur  =  credam;  cf.  commodabo. 

15 


i6 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


Plaut.  Poen.  913  dictumst  =  dixi,  being  in  answer  to  the  com- 
mand liaec  cur  a  clanculum  ut  sint  dicta. 

Plaut.  Pseud.  273  amatur,  egetur  =  amo,  egeo,  answering  quid 
agitur^  Calidore? 

Plaut.  Pseud.  457  statur  =  sto,  answering  quid  agitur  which  is 
equivalent  to  quid  agis. 

Plaut.  Pseud.  687  philosophatum  est  =  philosophatus  sum;  cf.  diu 

loquor. 

Plaut.  Rud.  776  curatumst  =  curavi,  being  an  answer  to  the  com- 
mand cura. 

Plaut.  Stich.  467  sustentatumst  =  sustentavi,  answering  valuistin 

usque? 
Plaut.  Stich.  509  credetur  =  credam;  cf.  experior, 
Plaut.  Stich.  586  susientatumst  =  sustentavi,  answering  valuistin 

bene? 
Pl^ut.  Trin.  578  ibitur  =  ibo,  answering  the  command  abi  hue  ad 

meam  sororem  ad  Calliclem  577. 
Plaut.  Trin.  720  sisti  potest  =  sistere  possum;  cf.  agam,  constrin^ 

gamy  accomodem,  iubeam. 
Plaut.  True.  667  ibitur  =  ibo,  answering  qui  non  extemplo  <  in- 

tro>ieris. 
Ter.  Ad.  210  actum  esse  =  egisse  <me>;  cf.  conveniam,  faxo  209. 
Ter.  Ad.  561  factum  =  feci,  answering  produxe  aibas. 
Ter.  Ad.  631  cessatum  est  =  cessavi;  cf.  exorassem,  ducerem  630. 
Ter.  Ad.  g^Sfactumst  =  feci,  answering  tu  illas  abi  et  traduce  Q17, 
Ter.  Eun.  271  statur  =  sto;  cf.  quid  agitur,  an  equivalent  to  quid 

agis. 
Ter.  Eun.  851  factum  =  feci,  answering  aufugistin? 
Ter.  Eun.  1066  dictumst  =  dixi,  strengthening  the  threat  si  te  in 

platea  offendero  1064. 
Ter.  Heaut.  862  inceptumst  =  incepi;  cf .  mi. 
Ter.  Hec.  452  factum  =  feci,  answering  dixtin  dudum  illam  dix- 

isse  se  expectare  filium? 
Ter.  Hec.  457  creditur  =  credo,  being  an  answer  to  bene  factum 

te  advenisse,  etc. 
Ter.  Hec.  843  visumst  =  vidi,  answering  vide  841. 
Ter.  Hec.   846  factum  =  feci,  confirming  te  dixisse     .     .     . 

Bacchidem  anulum  suom  habere  845,  846. 
Ter.  Phorm.  402  did  potest  =  dicere  possum;  cf.  mihi  401. 
Cato  de  Agr.  118  scriptum  est  =  scripsi  (the  writer). 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


17 


Varro  L.  L.  5.  109  perventum  est  =  perveni;  cf.  dicam  105. 
Varro  L.  L.  5.  171  dictum  est  =  dixi;  cf.  video  164. 
Varro  L.  L.  8.  21  dictum  —  dixi;  cf.  omitto  8.  19. 
Varro  L.  L.  8.21  visum  est  =  vidi;  cf.  dico  22. 
Varro  L.  L.  9.  92  responsum  est  =  respondi;  cf.  dixi, 
Varro  L.  L.  9.  107  dictum  est  =  dixi  (the  writer). 
Varro  L.  L.  10.51  decurritur  =  decurro;  cf.  </ic(?. 


CHAPTER  III  2. 


THE  ACTOR  DEFINITE  IN  THE  SECOND  PERSON 

SINGULAR 

The  second  division  contains  all  those  examples  that  have  a 
definite  doer  logically  implied  in  the  second  person  singular;  as, 
Plaut.  Amph.  'j oo  factum  est.  Alcumena  says,  "nam  dudum 
ante  lucem  et  istunc  et  te  vidi.  A  little  before  dawn,  I  saw  you 
I  and  him  (Sosia)."  Amphitruo  asks,  "quo  in  loco?  In  what 
place?"  Alcumena  answers,  "hie  in  aedibus  ubi  tu  habitas. 
Here  in  the  house  where  you  live."  Amphitruo  replies,  "num- 
quam  factum  est.     It  never  was  done."     Factum  est  is  equiv- 

Ialent  to  fecisti,  you  never  did,  meaning  you  never  saw  us.     The 
context  demands  such  an  answer. 

Plaut.  Amph.  700  numquam  factum  est  =  numquam  fecisti,  be- 
ing a  denial  of  istunc  et  te  vidi  699. 

Plaut.  Amph.  749  numquam  factumst  =  numquam  fecisti,  an- 
swering audivistin  tu  me  narrare  haec  hodie? 

Plaut.  Cure.  122  nolo  diet  =  nolo  <te>  dicere. 

Plaut.  Cure.  7 14  factum  est  =  fecisti,  answering  his  own  question 

promistin te  omne  argentum  redditurum 

709-710. 

Plaut.  Poen.  756  postulatumst  =  postulavisti,  answering  the  re- 
mark valeant  apud  te  quos  volo  755. 

Plaut.  Pseud.  501  dictumst  =  dixisti;  cf.  mussitabas.  The  ques- 
tion non  a  me  scibas  pistrinum  in  mundo  tibi  500,  answered 
by  scibam,  is  immediately  followed  by  quin  dictumst  mihi? 
which  is  answered  in  502. 

Plaut.  Pseud.  516  praedicitur  =  praedicis;  cf.  te  515.  This  ques- 
tion is  asked  as  an  answer  to  facito  ut  memineris  515. 

Plaut.  Trin.  138  curatum  =  curavisti;  cf.  inconciliastin  136,  ex- 
turbasti   137. 

Plaut.  True.  369  ambulatumst  =  ambulavisti;  cf.  soles  368. 

Ter.  Eun.  416  dictum  =  dixisti;  cf.  iugularas  417. 

Ter.  Eun.  902  commissum  erit  =  commiseris,  answering,  nonfac- 
iam,   Pythias, 

18 


CHAPTER  III  3. 

THE  ACTOR  DEFINITE  IN  THE  THIRD  PERSON 

SINGULAR 

This  group  includes  all  those  verbs  having  a  definite  actor  log- 
ically implied  in  the  third  person  singular;  as,  Plaut.  Pseud.  11 13 
imperatumst.  Harpax,  after  speaking  of  the  general  worthless- 
ness  of  slaves  when  their  master  is  absent,  adds,  "ego,  ut  mi  im- 
peratumst, etsi  abest,  hie  adesse  erum  arbitror.     I,  as   <my 
master  >  commanded  me,  although  he  is  away,  think  he  is  here 
<and  act  accordingly  >. "     The  sense  of  the  passage  requires 
a  definite  subject  for  the  active  verb  implied  in    imperatumst, 
as  is  shown  by  erum. 
Plaut.  Aul.  527  itur  =  it-,  cf.  ipsus  530. 
Plaut.  Bacch.  43  emeritum  sit  =  emeruerit;  cf.  haec. 
Plaut.  Bacch.  447  itur  =  it;  cf.  magister  448. 
Plaut.  Cure.  336  responsumst  =  respondit;  cf.  respondit  333,  ab 

illo  336. 
Plaut.  Men.  650  factum  =  fecit;  cf .  homo,  Menaechmus. 
Plaut.  Men.  ^0%  factumst  =  fecit;  cf.  hoc,  hominem. 
Plaut.  M.  G.  590  actum  est  =  egit;  cf.  mulier  591. 
Plaut.  M.  G.  1085  responsumst  —  respondit;  cf.  hie  1083. 
Plaut.  M.  G.  12,32  factum  est  =  fecit;  cf.  mulierem  1330,  also  huic 

miserae. 
Plaut  M.  G.  1403  ventumst  =  venit;  cf.  uxorem  1402. 
Plaut.  Most.  260  dictum  =  dixit;  cf.  Scaphae. 
Plaut.  Most.  958  desitum  est  potarier  =  desiit  potare;  cf.  eius  957. 
Plaut.  Pseud.  74  scriptum  est  =  scripsit;  cf.  ea  62. 
Plaut.  Pseud.  11 13  imperatumst  =  imperavit;  cf.  erum. 
Plaut.  Trin.  138  mandatum  =  mandavit;  cf.  qui  137. 
Plaut.  Trin.  308  actumst     =  egit;  cf.  animus  306. 
Plaut.  Trin.  600  imperatumst  =  imperavit;  cf.  ibit  598. 
Ter.  Ad.  279  reddetur  =  reddet;  cf.  reddet  280. 
Ter.  Ad.  474  ignotumst,  tacitumst,  creditumst  =  ignovit,   tacuit, 

credidit;  cf.  matrem  471. 
Ter.  Ad.  508  defunctum  sit  =  defunctus  sit;  oi.fratrem  510. 
Ter.  Heaut.  200  mansum  =  mansit;  cf.  erat  201. 

19 


20 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


Ter.  Heaut.  568  factum  =  fecit.     Syrus  confirms  the  statement 

of  Chremes. 
Ter.  Heaut.  628  factum  est  =  fecit,  confirmation  of  sustulisti, 
Ter.  Phorm.  135  persuasumst  =  persuasit;  cf.  Phormio  122. 
Ter.  Phorm.  283  ventumst  =  venit;  cf.  potuit. 
Ter.  Phorm.  778  siletur  =  silet, 
Ter.  Phorm.  1006 factumst  =  /ea7;  cf.  c^wxi/  1005. 
Cato  de  Agr.  144.  3  conductum  erit  =  conduxerit;  cf.  redemptoris, 
Cato  de  Agr.  144.  3  locatum  erit  =  locaverit;  cf.  domino. 
Varro  L.  L.  6.  72  ^o/e^/  agi  =  /?^/e5/  agere;  cf.  -25  (the  person  to 

whom  the  daughter  is  promised). 
Varro  L.  L.  6.  94  itur  =  it;  cf.  classicus  92. 

Varro  R.  R.  2.  2.  6  adnumeratum  est  =  adnumeravit;  cf.  dominum. 
Varro  R.  R.  2.  4.  20  bucinatum  est  =  bucinavit;  cf.  subulcus, 
Varro  R.  R.  3.  8.  i.  dictum  est  —  dixit;  cf.  i4xiw5  7.  11. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  4.  3  mandatum  erat  =  mandaverat;  cf.  L.  Plancus 

4.  I. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  6.  6  discedebatur  =  discedebat;  cf.  Caesar  5. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  19.  4  decertatum  est  =  decertavit;  cf.  Labienus. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  31.  2  accederetur  =  accederet;  cf.  /?05/e5. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  50  i  perveniretur  =  perveniret;  cf.  Caesari. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  82.  3  pugnari  =  <Caesarem>  pugnare;  cf.  Cae- 

5are. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  88.  7  em/  imperatum  =  imperaverat;  cf.   Cae5ar 

86.  I  and  86.  3. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  i.  5  succurri  posset  =  succurrere  posset;  cf.  Cae- 
sar 4. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  9.  2  occursum  est  =  occurrit;  cf.  Caesar  8.  i. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  14.  i  ventum  est  =  z;ewi/;  cf.  uterque. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  75.  3  confiigitur  =  confiigit;  cf.  Caesar  i. 
Caes.  B.  C.  I.  5.  3.  decurrittir,  discessum  est  =  decurrit,  discessit, 

cf.    senatus. 
Caes.  B.  C.  I.  5.  4.  decernitur  =  decernit;  cf.  senatus, 
Caes.  B.  C.  I.  6.  6.feratur  =  /era/;  cf.  senatus  5. 
Caes.  B.  C.   1.24.5  disceptetur  =  disceptet;  cf.   Caesar,  se  cum 

Pompeio. 
Caes.  B.C.  I.  26.  5  waw  posse  agi  =  <Libonem>  non  posse  agere; 

cf.  Lt^a. 
Caes.  B.  C.  I.  37.  3  imperatum  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Caesar  36. 4. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  71.  i  confligeretur  =  confligeret;  cf.  exercitum. 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


21 


Caes.  B.  C.  I.  80.  5  pugnatur  =  pugnat;  cf.  equitatus  80.  4. 

Caes.  B.  C.  I.  84.  2  venitur  =  z;ewi/;  cf.  Afranius. 

Caes.  B.  C.  I.  85.  12  dictum  esset  =  dixisset;  cf.  Caesar  i. 

Caes.  B.  C.  2.  22.  5  imperatum  est  =  imperavit;  cf.  Caesar  6. 

Caes.  B.  C.  2.  25.  7  imperatum  est  =  imperavit;  cf.  Cwrzo  6. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  33.  i  ventum  esset  =  venisset;  cf.  Scipio. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  72.  4  esse/  offensum  =  offendisset;  cf.  </was,  tribuni. 

Caes.  B.C.  3.  75.  4  ventum  esset  =  venisset;  cf.  Caesar. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  85.  3  posse  dimicari  =  <  Caesarem>  posse  dimicare; 

cf.  Caesar. 
•Caes.  B.  C.  3.  93.  3  imperatum  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Pompei. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  11.  6  imperatum  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Caesar  2. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  14.  i  waceri  />osse  =  <  Caesarem>  nocere  posse;  cf. 

Caesar. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  23.  2  ventum  erat  =  venerat;  cf.  Crassus  i. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  26.  2  imperatum  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Crassus, 
Caes.  B.  G.  4.  8.  i  i^tswm  es/  =  i^i^^/;  cf.  Caesar. 
Caes.  B.  G.  4.  II.  I  constitutum  erat  =  constituerat;  cf.  Caesar. 
Caes.  B.  G.  4.  28.  i  ventum  est  =  z;ewi7;  cf.  Caesar. 
Caes.  B.  G.  4.  31.  3  navigari  posset  =  navigare  posset;  cf.  e/ea/. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  3.  3  cognitum  est  =  cognovit;  cf.  aZ/er. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  7.  9.  imperatum  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Caesar  6. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  8.  5.  accesum  sit  =  accesserit;  cf .  tpse  2. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  45.  5  cognoscitur  =  cognoscit;  cf.  Caesarem. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  47.  3  imperatum  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf .  Caesar  46.  i. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  48.  7  praeceptum  erat  =  praeceperat;  cf.  Caesar  i. 
Caes.  B.  G.  6.  30.  i  imperatum  est  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Caesar  29.  I. 
Caes.  B.  G.  6.  34.  7  noceretur  =  noceret;  cf.  Caesar  8. 
Caes.  B.  G.  6.  43.  4  ventum  est  =  venit;  (supply  res). 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  36.  7  z;ewm  posset=  venire  posset]  d.  Vercingetorix 2. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  61.  i  ventum  esset  =  venisset;  cf.  i/>se  60.  4 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  27.  5  praeceptum  erat=  praeceperat;  cf.  Fabius  3. 
(Caes.)  B.  H.  27.  6  ventum  esset  =  venisset;  cf.  Caesar  3. 
(Caes.)  B.  H.  35.  i  ventum  esset  =  venisset;  cf.  Caesar. 
Catullus  39.  2  ventum  est  =  i^ewi/;  cf.  Egnatius. 
Catullus  39.  5  lugetur  =  /wge/;  cf .  wa/er. 
Sail.  Cat.  45.  2  praeceptum  erat  =  praeceperat;  cf.  Cieera  i. 
Sail.  Cat.  50.  5  ventum  est  =  < consul>  venit;  cf.  a  consule. 
Sail.  Cat.  55.  5  praeceptum  erat  =  praeceperat;  cf.  cowsw^  i. 
Sail.  Jug.  13.  8  consuleretur  =  consuleret;  cf.  senatu. 


22 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


Sail.  Jug.  25.  I  consider etur  =  consuleret;  cf.  in  senatu  24.  i. 

Sail.  Jug.  29.  6  imperatum  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Calpurnius  4. 

Sail.  Jug.  52.  3  praeceptum  fuerat  =  praeceperat;  cf.  Metello  2, 

Sail.  Jug.  53.  I  imperahatur  =  imperahat;  cf.  Rutilius  52.  5. 

Sail.  Jug.  62.  7  iussum  erat  =  iusserat;  cf.  iw&e/  6. 

Sail.  Jug.  75.  7  ventum  —  venit;  cf.  proficiscitur  6. 

Sail  Jug.  91.  I  ventum  est  =  venit;  cf.  distrihueraty  curabat. 

Sail.  Jug.  108.  2  caveri  nequivisse  =  <Bocchum>  cavere  nequi' 

visse;  cf.  Bocchus. 
Sail.  Jug.  109.  3  praeceptum  fuerat  =  praeceperat;  cf.  5w//a  I. 
Nep.  6.  I.  2  factum  est  =  fecit;  cf.  consecutus  sit, 
Nep.  14.  8.  3  pugnatum  erat  =  pugnaverat;  cf.  posuit. 
Nep.  15.  8.  I  reditum  est  =  rediit;  cf.  i//e  permisit. 
Nep.  18.  8.  4  posset  perveniri  =  posset  pervenire;  cf.  Antigonus, 
Nep.  18.  9.  5  imperatum  erat  —  imperaverat;  cf.  mittity  praecepit  3. 
Nep.  19.  4.  I  perventum  est  =  pervenit;  cf.  valeret,  portaretur. 


CHAPTER  III  4. 


THE    ACTOR    DEFINITE    IN     THE     FIRST     PERSON 

PLURAL 

Under  this  heading  are  placed  all  those  verbs  which  have  an 
implied  definite  actor  in  the  first  person  plural.  There  are  two 
varieties  of  this  class,  the  Real  and  the  Editorial. 
I.  Real. 
The  Real  first  plural  refers  to  definite  persons,  as  Ter.  Phorm. 
135  factumst,  ventumst,  vincimur.  Vincimur  is  a  real  first  person 
plural  active  and  has  for  its  subject,  Geta,  who  is  speaking,  and 
his  master.  In  the  same  line, Terence  uses  factumst  and  ventumst, 
tw^o  impersonals  which  have  for  the  subject  of  their  equivalent 
actives  fecimus  and  venimus,  the  same  subject  as  vincimur, 
Geta  says,  "factumst,  ventumst,  vincimur.  We  did  <it>, 
we  came,  we  were  conquered,  or  we  did  <as  Phormio  advised  >, 
we  went  <  to  court >,  we  lost  < our  case >."  Vincimur  cleaLV- 
ly  shows  that  factumst  and  ventumst  are  equivalent  to  actives 
with  an  implied  subject  in  the  real  first  person  plural. 
Plaut.  Cure.  646  ventum  est  =  venimus;  cf.  ea  me  spectatum  tu- 

lerat  per  Dionysia  644. 
Plaut.  Stich.  774  saltatum  est  =  saltavimus;  cf.  aheamus. 
Plaut.  True.  9  ventumst  =  venimus;  cf.  agamus. 
Ter.  Ad.  302  emergi  potest  =  emergere  possumus;  cf.  mihi,  erae- 

que  filiaeque  erili. 
Ter.  And.  iigfletur  =  flemus;  cf.  venimus  128. 
Ter.  Heaut.  275  ventum  est  =  venimus;  cf.  hie,  ego  277. 
Ter.    Heaut.     281  interventum  est  =  intervenimus;  cf.  hie,  ego  277. 
Ter.  Heaut.  743  eatur  =  eamus;  cf.  sequere  hac. 
Ter.  Phorm.  135  factumst,  ventumst  =  fecimus,  venimus;  cf.  vin- 
cimur. 
Ter.  Phorm.  640  pervenirier  potuit  =  pervenire  potuimus;  cf.  vo- 

lumus  641. 
Ter.  Phorm.  773  possiet  discedi  =  possimus  discedere;  cf.  gesseri- 

mus  772. 
Varro  R.  R.  i.  44.  3  dicetur  =  dicemus;  cf.  Licinius  3  and  Agrius, 
Varro  R.  R.  2.  2.  6  agitur  =  agimus;  cf.  emptor,  ille. 

23 


24 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


Caes.  B.  C.  2.  31.  4  credi  =  < nos>  credere;  cf.  haheamus  5. 
Caes.  B.  G.  i.  44.  8  concedi  oporteret  =  <nos>  concedere  opor- 

teret;  cf.  nos. 
Lucr.  6.  32  occurri  =  <  w(?5  >  occurrere;  cf .  tendtmus  26,  possemus 

28. 
Sail.  Jug.  31.  26  vindicatum  =  vindicaverimus;  cf.  vivamus. 

2.    Editorial. 

In  this  group  have  been  placed  those  impersonals  denoting 
what  the  writer  thinks,  knows,  or  says.  To  avoid  mentioning 
himself  exclusively,  he  uses  an  "editorial  plural."  This  some- 
times means  himself,  as  in  Sail.  Jug.  33.  2  diximus,  which  is 
equivalent  to  dixi  and  clearly  means  the  writer  (Sallust)  only. 
Or  the  author  may  include  others  besides  himself  in  this  first 
plural,  as  in  Varro  L.  L.  9.  54  dicimus  which  has  for  subject  we 
grammarians  or  we  people.  Again,  to  vary  his  construction,  he 
may  substitute  an  impersonal,  having  for  its  equivalent  active  a 
subject  in  the  first  plural  editorial,  as  in  Sail.  Jug.  96.  i  dictum 
est.  That  dictum  est  is  a  first  plural  editorial,  is  proved  by  Jug. 
33.  2,  34.  I,  37.  3,  38.  6,  where  diximus  is  used  in  the  same  sense. 

By  careful  comparison  with  the  active  plurals  in  the  same  para- 
graph, it  has  been  felt  that  the  six  examples  of  Varro  which  fol- 
low, should  be  classed  as  first  plural  rather  than  first  singular. 

The  fourteen  examples  of  Caesar  which  are  cited,  are  also  felt 
to  be  plurals  rather  than  singulars  because  Caesar  uses  the  first 
plural  active  much  more  frequently  than  first  singular  active. 
Evidence  for  this  is  given  in  Appendix  i. 
Varro  L.  L.  5.  74  dictum  est  =  diximus;  cf.  dicimus,  videamus 

5-  75. 
Varro  L.  L.  9.  54  dicitur  =  dicimus;  cf.  dicimus. 

Varro  L.  L.  9.  76  transiretur  =  transiremus,  cf.  dicimus. 

Varro  L.  L.  9.  82  perventum  est  =  pervenimus;  cf.  dicimus  83. 

Varro  L.  L.  9.  98  responderi  potest  =  respondere  possumus;  cf. 
dicamus    97. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  4.  i;  Caes.  B.  C.  i.  39.  i,  i.  48.  3,  i.  56.  2,  2. 
34.  1,3.  6.  2,  3.  15.  I,  3.  39.  I,  3.  62.  I ;  B.  G.  4.  28.  I  demon- 
stratum  est  =  demons  travimiis. 

Caes.  B.  G.  i.  16.  2,  i.  49.  3,  3.  20.  i,  4.  35.  i  dictum  est  =  diximus, 

Caes.  B.  G.  6.  11.  i  perventum  est  =  pervenimus. 

Sail.  Jug.  96.  I  dictum  est  =  diximus;  cf.  diximus  33.  2,  34.  i,  37.  3, 
38.  6. 


CHAFIER  III  5- 

THE  ACTOR  DEFINITE  IN  THE  SECOND  PERSON 

PLURAL 

This  class  includes  all  verbs  of  the  ventum  est  type,  which 
have  a  definite  actor  logically  implied  in  the  second  plural,  as 
Plant.  Bacch.  757  erit  accubitum.  In  753  Chrysalus  says, 
*'Mnesiloche  et  tu  Pistoclere,  iam  facite  in  biclinio  cum  amica 
sua  uterque  accubitum  eatis."  Then  in  757  instead  of  repeat- 
ing  the  second  plural  he  uses  the  impersonal  erit  accubitum  which 
is  equivalent  to  accubueritis  as  is  shown  not  only  by  accubitum 
eatis  in  755,  but  by  exsurgatis  758. 
Plant.  Bacch.  757  accubitum  erit  =  accubueritis;  cf.  accubitum 

eatis  755. 
Plant.  M.  G.  737  desisti  =  <vos>  desistere;  cf.  istis. 
Varro  R.  R.  2.  11.  i  praedictum  est  =  praedixistis;  cf.  adieceritis, 
Caes.  B.  C.  2.  38.  3  auditum  erat  =  audiveratis;  supply,  "you, 

my  readers." 


25 


CHAPTER    III  6. 


THE  ACTOR  DEFINITE  IN  THE  THIRD   PERSON 

PLURAL 

In  this  group  are  placed  all  those  verbs  (of  the  ventum  est  type) 
which  have  a  definite  actor  logically  implied  in  the  third  plural, 
as  Plaut.  Pseud.  453  itur.     Pseudolus  hears  Callipho  and  Simo 
talking  about  him.     He  knows  that  punishment  awaits  him,  so 
he  says  to  himself  in  453-4,  ''itur  ad  te,  Pseudole.     Orationem 
tibi  para  advorsum  senem.     They  are  making   towards  you, 
Pseudolus;  prepare  your  speech  to  meet  the  old  fellow."     Then 
advancing  to  meet  them  he  says  aloud  in  455-6  "erum  saluto  pri- 
mum,  ut  aequomst,  postea  si  quid    superfit   vicinos    impertio. 
First,  as  is  proper,  I  salute  my  master,  and  after  that  if  anything 
is  left  I  bestow  it  upon  his  neighbors."     Itur  is  equivalent  to 
eunt,  which  has  for  its  implied  subject  Callipho  and  Simo. 
Plaut.  Cas.  813  exitur  -  exeunt;  cf.  prodeant  806. 
Plaut.  M.  G.  1091  factumst  =  fecerunt;  cf.  legerunt  1090. 
Plaut.  Poen.  835  bibitur,  esiur  =  bibunt,  edunt;  cf.  omnia  genera 

834. 
Plaut.  Pseud.  453  itur  =  eunt,  which  has  for  its  implied  subject 

Callipho  and  Simo. 
Ter.  And.  251  itur  =  eunt;  cf.  alunt  250. 
Ter.  Heaut.  44  curritur  =  currunt:  cf .  scribunt,  parcunt  43. 
Ter.  Phorm.  loio  ventumst  =  venerunt;  cf.  fiunt. 
Varro  L.  L.  8.  39  transitum  =  {verba)  transisse;  cf.  verbis. 
Varro  R.  R.  2.  6.  3  solet  caveri  =  solent  cavere;  cf.  emptores  implied 

in  emptionibus. 

(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  26.  3  subventum  foret  =  subvenissent;  cf.  Alienum, 

Rabirium  Postumum. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  61.  i  dimicaretur  =  dimicarent;  cf.  exercitus  in* 

structi. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  2.  3  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  habebant. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  2.  5  visum  est  =  viderunt;  cf.  movebant. 
(Caes.)   B.  Alex.    15.  7  discessum  est  =  discesserunt;  cf.   occur- 

rerevt  6. 

26 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


27 


(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  16.  5  decer latum  est  =  decertaverunt;  cf.  con- 
tender ent,  viderent  3. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  25.  5  ventum  esset  =  venissent;  cf.  proficiscun- 
iur  2,- 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  29.  3  certaretur  —  certarent;  cf.  milites  equitesque 
nostros. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  31.  i  pugnabatur  =  pugnabant;  cf.  milites. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  31.  2  ventum  est  =  venerunt;  cf.  cohortis  i. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  40.  i  concurritur,  pugnatur  =  concurrunt,  pug- 
nant;  cf.  signo     .     .     .     ab  utroque  dato, 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  46.  3  concurritur  =  concurrunt;  cf.  ad  duces. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  53.  i  concurritur  =  concurrunt;  cf.  Berones  com- 
plurisque  evocatos. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  60.  5  confligitur  =  confligunt;  cf.  legiones. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  63.  3  pugnetur  =  pugnent;  cf.  cohortibus,  and 
numero  equitum  et  reliquorum  auxiliorum  i. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  4.  i  resistitur  =  resistunt;  cf.  consulis,  ScipioniSj 
Catonis. 

Caes.  B.  C.  I.  26.  4  discedatur  =  discedant;  cf.  Caesar  2,  Pom- 
peius   I . 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  26.  4  discessum  sit  =  discesserint;  cf.  Caesar  2, 
Pompeius    i . 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  41.  3  dimicaretur  =  dimicarent;  cf.  Caesar ^  A  f ra- 
mus. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  43.  5  contenditur  =  contendunt;  cf.  Afraniani,  nos- 
tri. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  45.  6  pugnabatur  =  pugnabant;  cf.  constiterant, 
sustinebant. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  46.  i  pugnatum  esset  —  pugnavissent;  cf.  nostri. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  46.  3  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  nostri; 
Afranianis   5. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  47.  4  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  illi. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  58.  2  ventum  erat  =  venerant;  cf.  confugiebant. 

Caes.  B.  C.  I.  67.  i  posse  veniri  =  <se>  posse  venire;  d.  cense- 
bant. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  67.  2  posse  exiri  —  <se>  posse  exire;  cf.  sumebant. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  69.  4  conclamatur  =  conclamant;  cf.  exeunt^  con- 
tendunt. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  79.  4  adpropinquatum  esset  =  adpropinquavissent; 
cf.  iuberent. 


28 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


29 


Caes.  B.  C.  I.  80.  i  pugnatur,  proceditur  =  pugnanty procedunt; 

cf.  subsistunt. 
Caes.  B.  C.   i.  86.  3  disputatum  esset  =  disputavissent;  cf.  in 

utramque  partem. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  87.  i  veniatur  =  veniant;  cf.  dimittantur  86.  3. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  87.  3  postulatum  est  =  postulaverunt;  cf.  Petreius 

atque    Afranius. 
Caes.  B.  C.  2.  9.  9  visum  est  =  viderunt;  cf.  exstruxerunt,  relique- 

runt. 
Caes.  B.  C.  2.  16.  2  noceri  posse  =  nocere  possent;  cf.  /^05/^5  i. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  6.  i  perventum  esset  =  pervenissent;  cf.  milites. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  16.  4  discederetur  =  discederent;  cf.  Pompei,   Cae- 

saris    5. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  16.  5  rediri  posset  =  rehire  possent;  cf.  missuros. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  19.  5  ventum  esset  =  venissent;  cf.  /ega/i  4. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  26.  5  itum  est  =  ierunt;  cf.  nacti^  introduxerunty 

aestimaverunt. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  37.  3  contenderetur  =  contenderent;  cf.  militibus. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  52.  i  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  Volcatius 

TulluSy  legionis,  cohortibus  tribus,  and  Germani  2. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  52.    i   succurri  posset  =   succurrere  possent;  cf. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  63.  2    dimicaretur,    posset    resisti  =  dimicarenty 

possent  resistere;  cf.  nostri. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  67.  5  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  nostril  illi, 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  72.  3  dimicatum  =<se>  dimicavisse;  cL  Pompeia^ 

nis  I,  nostrorum  militum  2. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  80.  3  succurratur  =  succurrant;  cf.   Scipionem, 

Pompeium. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  86.  i  cognitum  est  =  cognoverunt;  cf.  Caesar  apud 

suos. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  86.  3  accessum  sit  =  accesserint;  ci.equitibus. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  87.  7  discessum  est  =  discesserunt;  cf.  praecipiC' 

bant. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  109.  i  ageretur  =  agerent;  cf.  regum. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  iii.  2  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  Achillas^ 

Caesar. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  iii.  3  pugnabatur  =  pugnabant;  cf.  diductis  copiis, 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  iii.  5  actum  est  =  egerunt;  cf.  t//^',  /jt. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  iii.  5  agi  debuit  =  agere  debuerunt;  cf.  t7/i,  /li. 


f 


Caes.  B.  C.  3.  112.  7  pugnatum  esty  discederetur  =  pugnaverunt, 

discederent;  cf.  neutri. 
Caes.  B.  G.  i.  26.  i  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  nostras , 

Helvetii. 
Caes.  B.  G.  i.  26.  2  pugnatum  sit  =  pugnaverint;  cf.  nostras y  HeU 

vetii. 
Caes.  B.  G.  i.  26.  3  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  nostroSy 

Helvetii. 
Caes.  B.  G.  i.  26.  4  pugnatum  esset  =  pugnavissent;  cf.  nostri. 
Caes.  B.  G.  i.  30.  5  mandatum  esset  =  mandavissent;  cf.    sanxe^ 

runt. 
Caes.  B.  G.  i.  43.  2  dictum  erat  =  dixerant;  cf.  venerunt. 
Caes.  B.  G.  i.  43.  4  ventum  est  =  venerunt;  cf.  Caesar  2,  Ariovis- 

tus  3. 
Caes.  B.  G.  i.  52.  4  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  nostri. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  6.  i  sustentatum  est  =  sustentaverunt;  cf.  Remorum. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  9.  i  contendebatur  =  contendebant;  cf.  neutri. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  10.  I  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  hastes y  nostri. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  1 1.  4  ventum  erat  —  venerant;  cf.  nostrorum  militum, 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  17.  2  cognitum  est  =  cognoverunt;  supply  Caesar 

and  his  officers. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  20.  i  concurri  =  <milites>  concurrere;  cf.  milites. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  32.  4  perspectum  est  =  perspexerunt;  supply  Cae- 
sar and  his  officers. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  33.  2  intellectum  est  =  intellexerunt;  supply  Caesar 

and  his  officers. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  33.  3  concur  sum  est  =  concur  rerunt;  cf.  proximis 

castellis. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  5.  i  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  nostras. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  15.  4  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  nostriy  perpaucae 

{naves  hostium.) 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  21.  i  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  SotiateSy 

nostri. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  22.  4  pugnatum  esset  —  pugnavissent;  cf.  milites. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  24.  5  exspectari  =  <se>  exspectare;  cf.  omnium. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  24.  5  tVe/wr  =  tV^w/;  cf.  omnium. 
Caes.  B.  G.  4.  13.  5  dicebatur,  dictum  esset  =  dicebant,  dixissent; 

cf.  Germani  4. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  16.  i  dimicaretur  =  dimicarent;  cf.  nostras,  illi  2. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  19.  3  discedi  =  <eo5>  discedere;  cf.  equitum  2. 


30 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


Caes.  B.  G.  5.  25.  5  perventum  =   <se>  pervenisse;  cf.  legatis, 

quaestorihus. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  26.  i  ventum  est  =  venerunt;  cf.   legatis,  quaesto- 

ribus,  legiones  25.5. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  31.  i  consurgitur  =  consurgunt;  cf.  comprehenduntf 

orant. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  31.  5  maneatur  =  maneant;  cf.  proficiscuntur. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  35.  5  pugnaretur  —  pugnarent;  cf.  committehant, 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  44.  3  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  5W05  omneSy  and 

hostes  43.  6. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  50.  5  concur  sari,  agi  =   <milites>  concur  sare^ 

agere;  cf.  equites. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  56.  i  veniri  =  <legationes>  venire;  cf.  legationes, 

55.   4. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  58.  3  visum  est  =  viderunt;  cf.  equites  2. 
Caes.  B.  G.  6.  13.  7.  interdictum  est  =  inter dixerunt;  cf.  interdi- 

cunt  6. 
Caes.  B.  G.  6.  19.  3  compertum  est  =  compererunt;  cf.  habent,  in- 

terficiunt. 
Caes.  B.  G.  6.  37.  6  trepidatur  =  trepidant;  d.ferantur,  provident. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  2.  3  disceditur  =  discedunt;  cf.  ^wi. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  4.  2  concurritur  =  concurrunt;  cf.  5«^*^  clientibus. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  15.  3  deliberatur  =  deliberant;  cf.  Gallis  4. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  16.  3  iretur  =  irew/;  cf.  nostris. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  24.  4  occurreretur  =  occurrerent;  cf.  /i(?5/e5  3. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  25.  i  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  hostibus,  nobis. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  28.  i  veniretur  =  venirent;  cf.  t7/i  27.  3. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  35.  5  perventum  =  <eo5>  pervenisse;  cf.  C(?/>ia5, 

correptis  cohortibus  4. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  49.  i  pugnari  =  <milites>  pugnare;  cf.  Romanis 

48.  4. 
Caes.  B.  G.     7.  50.  i  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  hostes,  nostri. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  61.  3  tumultuari  =   <milites>   tumultuare;  cf. 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  67.  2  pugnatur  =  pugnant;  cf.  equitatum,  hostem, 

omnibus  in  partibus. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  70.  6  z;ewm  =  <legiones>  venire;  cf.  legiones  5. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  76.  5  pugnaretur  -  pugnarent;  cf.  those  in  the  town, 

implied  in  ex  oppido. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  80.  6  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  Germani,  hostes, 

nostri. 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


31 


Caes.  B.  G.  7.  84.  2  pugnatur,  concurritur  =  pugnant,  concurrunt, 

cf.    5W05    I. 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  85.  4  laboratur  =  laborant;  cf.  GaZ/i,  Romani. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  87.  i  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  d.  Brutum,  Fabium 
cum  aliis. 

(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  I.  2  resisti  posse  =  <se>  resistere posse;  cf.  Gallis. 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  7.  2  esse  demigratum  =  <Bellovacos>  demigra- 

visse;  cf.  Bellovacos  i. 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  10.  2  contendebatur  =  contendebant;  cf.  paucis. 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  12.  ^dimicari=  < Remos>  dimicare;  cf.  i^emi5  3. 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  19.  3  pugnatur  =  pugnant;  cf.  pari  contentions 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  23.  5  ventum  esset  =  venissent;  cf.  C.  Volusenum 

Quadratum,  centuriones  4. 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  29.  i  dimicaretur  =  dimicarent;  cf.  nostri  28.  4, 

hostes   28.5. 

(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  48.  2)  contender etur  =  contenderent;  cf.  Volusenus, 
ille. 

(Caes.)  B.  H.  11.  2  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  miserunt. 

(Caes.)  B.  H.  13.  7  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  dubitarunt, 
essent  facturi  6. 

(Caes.)  B.  H.  15.  5  pugnari  coeptiim  est  =  pugnare  coeperunt;  cf. 
nostris  defendentibus  iniecissent  6. 

(Caes.)  B.  H.  23.  8  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  inter  quos, 
comminus. 

(Caes.)  B.  H.  33.  2  ventum  esset  =  venissent;  cf.  coeperunt. 

Lucr.  2.  962  decursum  siet  =  decucurrerint;  d.  animantes,  im- 
plied from  animantem  944,  and  possint  961. 

Lucr.  3.  598  trepidatur  =  trepidant;  cf.  cupiunt  599. 


Sal 
Sal 
Sal 

Sal 
Sal 
Sal 
Sal 
Sal 
Sal 
Sal 
Sal 


1.  Cat.  9.  4  vindicatum  est  =  vindicaverunt;  cf.  curabant. 

1.  Cat.  51.  5  consultum  est  =  consultaverunt;  cf.  maiores  nostri, 

1.  Cat.  60.  2   ventum  est  —  venerunt;  cf.  cohortis,  hostium  exer- 

citus. 
1.  Cat.  60.  3  certatur=  certant;  cf.  veterani,  illi. 
^-  Jug-  53-  2  ventum  est  =  venerunt;  cf.  consistunt. 
1.  Jug.  54.  10  subveniretur  =  subvenirent;  cf.  Romanos. 
1-  Jug.  58.  I  certatur  =  certant;  cf .  Romani  57.  4.  oppidani  57.  5. 
1.  Jug.  60.  I.  certabatur  =  certabant;  cf.  t7/i,  ^o^/e^  3. 
1.  Jug.  74.  3  certatum  —  certaverunt;  cf.  Numidae  2. 
1.  Jug.  76.  5  ventum  erat  =  venerant;  cf.  Romani. 
1.  Jug.  105.  I  consuleretur  =  consulerent;  cf.  Bacchus,  Sullam. 


32 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


Sail.  Jug.  107.  7  perventum  est  =  pervenerunt;  cf.  intenderant. 
Sail.  Jug.  113.  2  veniretur  —  venirent;  cf.  Bocchus,  Sullam,  Jugur- 

thae    legatum. 
Sail.  Jug.  113.  6  dictum  erat  =  dixerant;  cf.  Bacchus^  Sullam^ 

Jugurthae  legatum  2. 
Sail.  Jug.  113.  6  invaditur  =  invadunt;  cf.  undique,  ex  insidiis. 
Nep.  1.4.5  desperari  =  <  praetores  >  desperare;  cf .  praetores  4. 
Nep.  1.4.5  ciuderi     ....    dimicari  =  <  praetores  >  audere 

.     .     dimicare;  cf .  praetores  4. 
Nep.  4.  3.  7  iudicari  =  <se>  iudicare;  cf.  putahant. 
Nep.  6.  3.  5  iudicatum  foret  =  iudicavissent;  cf.  iudicum. 
Nep.  8.  3.  3  reditum  erat  =  redierant;  cf.  vellent, 
Nep.   14.  II.  I  conveniretur  =  convenirent;  cf.  Datamen,  Mithri- 

dates. 
Nep.  15.  3.  3  disputaretur  =  disputarent;  cf.  circulum, 
Nep.  16.  4.  I  dimicatum  est  =  dimicaverunt;  cf.  gwi,  undique,  and 

praesidium  3.  3. 
Nep.  17.  2.  I  dimicari  =  <eos>  dimicare;  cf.  Lacedaemoniis, 
Nep.  18.  4.  I  pugnatum  esset  =  pugnavissent;  cf.  copias  3.  3,  Mace- 

dones  3.  4. 
Nep.  18.  7.  3  conveniretur,  deliberaretur  =  convenirent,  deliberarent; 

cf.  omnes  2. 
Nep.  18.  9.  5  auditum  esse  =  <  adversarios  >  audivisse;  cf.  adver^ 

sarios. 
Nep.  20.  3.  5  decretum  sit  =  decreverint;  cf.  Syracusani  implied  in 

53'mcw5i5. 
Nep.  25.  2.  4  dictum  esset  =  dixissent;  cf .  haberent. 


CHAPTER  III  7. 

THE  ACTOR  INDEFINITE  OR  GENERAL  IN  THE 
SECOND  PERSON  SINGULAR 

This  group  contains  all  those  examples  which  have  a  subject 
impliedly  indefinite  in  the  second  f)erson  singular  (i.  e.  you  = 
anyone).  Cato  in  de  Agr.  5.  7,  giving  general  directions  as  to 
farming,  says,  "pecori  et  bubus  diligenter  substernatur.  Care- 
fully bed  your  flocks  and  herds."  Substernatur  is  equivalent  to 
substernas,  having  as  its  implied  subject  the  indefinite  you,  any- 
body. It  should  be  remembered  that  the  second  singular,  if  used 
indefinitely,  is  normally  in  the  potential  subjunctive,  not  in  the 
indicative;  cf.  Lane  1550. 

Plant.  Poen.  533  curratur  =  curras;  cf.  bibas,  edas  534. 
Cato  de  Agr.  5.  7  substernatur  =  substernas;  cf.  conficias. 
Cato  de  Agr.  14.  i  iussitur  =  iubeas;  cf.  locabis. 
Cato  de  Agr.  39.  2  cessetur  =  cesses;  cf .  facias. 
Varro  L.  L.  9.  108  transitum  est  =  transieris;  cf.  transieris. 


33 


CHAPTER  III  8. 


THE  ACTOR  INDEFINITE  IN  THE  THIRD  PERSON 

SINGULAR 

In  this  class  are  placed  those  verbs  which  have  a  third  sing- 
ular indefinite  actor  implied,  as  in  Plaut.  Trin.  65  vivitiir.  Me- 
garonides  says,  "edepol  proinde  ut  bene  uiuitur,  diu  uiuitur.  In 
proportion  as  one  lives  a  happy  life,  one  lives  a  long  life."  Here 
vivitur  is  equivalent  to  vivit  and  has  homo  (meaning  any  one  of 
the  race  of  men)  for  its  implied  subject.  In  negative  expres- 
sions, usually,  the  indefinite  is  singular  as  Caes.  B.  G.  2.  17.  4  "ut 
instar  muri  hae  saepes  munimentum  praeberent  quo  non  modo 
non  intrari  sed  ne  perspici  quidem  posset.  So  that  these  hedges 
presented  a  fortification  like  a  wall,  through  which  (no  one) 
could  enter  nor  even  penetrate  with  the  eye."  The  subject  of 
posset  is  felt  to  be  singular  indefinite  rather  than  plural  indefinite. 
Plaut.  Bacch.  544  ne  invideatur  =  ne  <qmsquam>  invideat;  cf. 

nullus  543. 
Plaut.  M.  G.  758  adpositumst  =  <aliquis>    adposuit;  cf.  iube^ 

tolle  759. 
Plaut.  Trin.  65  vivitur,  vivitur  =  <homo>  vivit,  <homo>  vivit. 
Ter.  And.  501  renuntiatumst  =  <aliquis>  renuntiavit. 
Varro  L.  L.  6.  72  neque  agi  potest  =  neque  <quisquam>   agere 

potest. 
Varro  L.  L.  8.  31  discessum  est  =  <aliquis>  discessit;  cf.  si  quis 

putat. 
Caes.  B.  G.  i.  31.  2  enuntiatum  esset  =   <quisquam>  enuntia- 

visset. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  17.  4  non  intrari,  sed  ne  perspici  quidem  posset  = 

non  <quisquam>  intrare,  sed  ne  perspicere  quidem  posset. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  3.  2  neque  veniri  <posset>  =  neque  <quisquam> 

venire    <  posset.  > 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  9.  5  nuntiari  posset  =  <quisquam>  nuntiare  pos- 
set. 
Nep.  18.  9.  4  praenuntiatum  esse  =  <aliquem>  praenuntiavisse, 

34 


CHAPTER  III  9. 

THE   ACTOR   INDEFINITE   IN   THE  THIRD  PERSON 

PLURAL 

In  this  class  are  placed  those  verbs  which  have  an  indefinite 
actor  logically  implied  in  the  third  plural;  as  Plaut.  Amph. 
942  reventum  est.  Jupiter  says  in  lines  938-42  ''nam 
in  hominum  aetate  multa  eveniunt  huius  modi;  capiunt 
voluptates,  capiunt  rusum  miserias;  irae  interveniunt,  redeunt 
rusum  in  gratiam,  verum  irae  si  quae  forte  eveniunt  huius 
modi  inter  eos,  rusum  si  reventum  in  gratiam  est,  etc.  For 
in  the  life  of  mortals  many  things  of  this  nature  happen;  now  they 
take  their  pleasures,  again  they  meet  with  hardships.  Quarrels 
intervene,  again  they  (mortals)  become  friends.  But  if,  by 
chance,  any  quarrels  of  this  nature  happen  between  them,  then 
if  they  have  become  friends  again,  etc."  Reventum  est  is  equi- 
valent to  revenerunt  which  has  for  its  implied  indefinite  subject 
homines,  as  is  shown  by  hominum. 
Plaut.  Amph.  942  reventum  est  =    <homines>   revenerunt;  cf. 

hominum    938. 
Plaut.  Cure.  679  argentariis  male  credi  qui  aiunt  =  <  homines  > 
argentariis  male  credere  qui  aiunt.   Credi  is  equivalent    to 
credere  which  has  for  its  implied  subject  men  or  people. 
"Those  who  say  it  is  bad  that  < people >  trust  bankers," 
etc. 
Plaut.  Cure.  680  credi  dico  =   <  homines  >  credere  dico;  credi  is 
equivalent  to  credere,  which  has  a  third  plural  indefinite 
subject  men  implied.     "I  say  it  is  both  good  and  bad  <for 
men>  to  trust  <  bankers  >"  is  the  meaning  of  nam  et  bene 
et  male  credi  dico. 
Plaut.  Most.  235  estur,  hibitur  =  <  homines  >  edunt,  bibunt;  cf. 
neque  quisquam  parsimoniam  adhibei  236,  showing  that  more 
than  one  person  is  doing  the  eating  and  drinking. 
Plaut.  Rud.  271  veniri  solet  =  <  homines  >  venire  solent. 
Plaut.  True.  746  invidetur  =  <  homines  >  invident;  cf.  invident. 
Ter.   Eun.   348  conclamatumst  =    <  homines  >    conclamaverunt. 
Ter.  Heaut.  154  vivitur  =  <  homines  >  vivunt. 

35 


36 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


Ter.  Hec.  315  trepidari,  cur  sari  =  <  homines  >  trepidare,  cursare, 

Varro  L.  L.  5.  47  itur  =  <homines>  eunt. 

Varro  L.  L.  6.  16  sacrificatur  =  <  homines  >  sacrificant. 

Varro  L.  L.  6.  24  exitur  —  <  homines  >  exeunt. 

Varro  L.  L.  6.  25  sacrificatur  =  <  homines  >  sacrificant, 

Varro  L.  L.  6.  34  parentetur  =  <homines>  parentent. 

Varro  L.  L.  7.  32  dubitatur  =  <  homines  >  dubitant. 

Varro  L.  L.  8.  14  dicitur  =  <homines>  dicunt. 

Varro  L.  L.  10.  80  erratur  =  <homines>  errant, 

Varro  R.  R.  i.  2.  4  posse  navigari  =  < homines >  posse  navigare. 

Varro  R.  R.  i.  16.  6  navigari,  evehi,  invehi  possit  =  < homines > 

navigare,  evehere,  invehere  possent. 
Varro  R.  R.  3.  i.  2  did  possit  =  < homines >  dicere  possint. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  6^.2  conclamatumesset  =  <quidam>  conclamavis- 

sent, 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  96.  4  dicebatur  =  <homines>  dicebant, 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  36.  2  despici  poterat  =  <homines>  despicere  po- 

terant. 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  7.  7  diceretur  =  <  homines  >  dicerent. 
Lucr.  5.  18  wow  poterat  vivi  =  <mortales>  non  poterant  vivere;  cf. 

mor  tales    15. 
Sail.  Cat.  2.  8  siletur  =  <  homines  >  silent. 
Sail.  Jug.  5.  I  i/ww  65/  =  <  homines  >  ierunt. 
Nep.  6.  4.  I  perlatum  esse  =  <  homines  >  pertulisse, 
Nep.  10.  9.  5  dictum  est  =  <  homines  >  dixerunt, 
Nep.  10.  10.2  factum  est  =  <homines>  fecerunt, 
Nep.  25.  14.  I  cenatum  est  =  <homines>  cenaverunt;  cf.  convivae. 


CHAPTER  IV 


THE    AGENT  NOT  EXPRESSED  BUT  UNDERSTOOD 

FROM  THE  VERB 

In  this  group  are  placed  those  impersonals  whose  subjects  are 
neither  expressed  nor  implied  in  the  context,  yet  are  known  be- 
cause the  verb  itself  immediately  calls  up  the  person  or  persons 
upon  whom  this  duty  devolves;  as  CatodeAgr.  150.  i  interkalatum 
erit  is  equivalent  to  <pontifices>  inter kalaverint.  It  was  the 
duty  of  the  pontifices  to  regulate  the  calendar.  In  Caes.  B.  C. 
I.I.I  referretur  =  <  consul  >  referret.  To  refer  matters  to  the 
senate  was  the  consul's  business.  This  group  has  been  divided 
into  two  classes:  the  first  contains  those  verbs  which  have  a 
singular  subject  implied  for  their  active  equivalent,  the  second 
class  includes  those  verbs  which  have  a  plural  subject  implied. 
These  active  verbs,  whether  singular  or  plural,  have  their  im- 
plied subjects  in  the  third  person. 

I.  Third  Singular. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  i.  i.  referretur  —  <consul>  referret. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  2.  2.  non  oportere  referri  —  non  oportere   <consU' 

lem>  referre. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  2.  7  refertur  =  <  consul  >  refert, 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  6.  3  refertur,  refertur  =  <  consul  >  refert,  refert. 
Sail.  Cat.  48.  5  referatur  =  <consul>  referat. 
Sail.  Cat.  51.  21  animadvorteretur  =  <  praetor  >  animadvorteret. 
Sail.  Jug.  28.  3  nuntiari  iubet  =  <nuntium>  nuntiare  iubet, 

II.  Third  Plural. 

Cato  de  Agr.   150.  i  interkalatum  erit  =  <  pontifices  >  interka- 

laverint. 
Varro  L.  L.  6.  13  inter calatur  =  <  pontifices  >  intercalant, 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  40.  5  cani  iussisset=  iussisset  <cornicines  tubi- 

cinesque>  canere;  cf.  comment  on  B.  G.  7.  47.  i  below. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  75.  2  conclamari  =  <  the  proper  officials  >  conclam- 

are. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  47.  i  cani  =  iussit  (cornicines  tubicinesque)  canere. 
Cani  in  B.  Afr.  40.  5  and  here  may  mean  that  Caesar  ordered 
<  the  instruments  >  to  be  sounded.  In  that  case  cani  would  not 
belong  in  this  group,  since  there  is  an  implied  subject  of  the  pass- 
ive, but  would  be  an  ordinary  passive;  as  in  B.  C.  3.82.  i  classi- 
cumque  apud  eum  cani     .   .   .     iubet. 

37 


CHAPTER  V 


IMPERSONALS  WITH  EXPRESSED  AGENT 

This  class  of  verbs,  which  is  here  called  "Impersonal  with 
Expressed  Agent, "  includes  those  verbs  which  have  their  log- 
ical subject  expressed  by  the  ablative,  or  dative  of  agent,  or 
otherwise.  This  construction  is  used  to  make  the  action  prom- 
inent, while  the  actor  is  secondary,  but  not  left  to  inference. 
Plaut.  Amph.  219  utrimque  exitum  est;  utrimque  =   ab   utrisque 

and  is  an  expressed  agent. 
Plaut.  Bacch.  295  factum  a  vobis. 
Plaut.  Cas.  394  a  me  factum. 
Plaut.  M.  G.  561  a  me  factum  esse. 
Plaut.  Poen.  805  factum  a  vobis. 
Ter.  Ad.  662  factum  a  vobis. 
Ter.  Heaut.  158  peccatum  a  me  est. 
Ter.  Heaut.  249  factum  a  nobis  est. 
Ter.  Hec.  624  abs  te  est  factum. 
Ter.  Phorm.  looi  factumst  abs  te. 
(Caes.)   B.  Afr.   18.  4  ab  hostibus  pugnaretur  nee  comminus  ad 

manus  rediretur. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  19.  6  pugnabatur  a  nobis. 
(Caes.)    B.   Alex.   39.  2   utrimque  processum   est;  utrimque  =  ab 

utroque. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  62.  3  pugnatur  utrimque;  utrimque  =  ab  utroque, 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  26.  i  utrimque  pugnabatur;  utrimque  =  ab  utrisque, 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  57.  3  pugnatum  est  utrimque;  utrimque  =  ab  utris* 

que. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  67.  i  disputatur  a  Petreio  atque  Afranio. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  14.  i  erat  praeceptum  a  Caesar e. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  93.  i  concurri  a  Pompeianis. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  93.  i  erat  praecepttim  a  Caesar e. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  100.  i  factum  a  Libone. 
Caes.  B.  G.  I.  22.  3  erat  praeceptum  a  Caesare. 
Caes.  B.  G.  I.  50.  3  utrimque  pugnatum  est;  utrimque  =   ab  utro^ 

que. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  33.  4  pugnatum  ab  hostibus  est. 

38 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


39 


Caes.  B.  G.  2.  33.  4  a  viris  fortibus  pugnari  debuit. 

Caes.  B.  G.  3.  18.  6  ab  iis  erat  provisum. 

Caes.  B.  G.  3.  25.  I  a&  hostibus  pugnaretur. 

Caes.  B.  G.  4.  23.  2  a  quibus  administratum  esset. 

Caes.  B.  G.  4.  26.  i  pugnatum  est  ab  utrisque. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  6.  i  ab  nobis  dictum  est. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  30.  i  a  Cotta  primisque  ordinibus  resisteretur, 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  40.  3  a6  nostris  resistitur. 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  16.  3  a&  nostris  occurrebatur . 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  47.  2  erat  a  Caesare  praeceptum. 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  70.  I  a&  utrisque  contenditur, 

Lucr.  5.  1 1 49  concessumst  legibus  acquis. 

Lucr.  6.  377  turbatur  utrimque;  utrimque  =  ab  utrisque. 


Sal 
Sal 
Sal 
Sal 
Sal 
Sal 


•  Jug.  53-  2  utrimque  concurritur;  utrimque  =  ab  utrisque. 

.  Jug.  67.  2  neque  a  fortissumis  resisti  posse. 

.Jug.  102.  4  a  Manlio  concessum. 

.  Jug.  107.  I  a  paucis  strenuis  pugnatum. 

.  Jug.  112.  3  ab  omnibus  veniretur. 

.  Jug.  114.  I  ab  ducibus  nostris  pugnatum, 
Nep.  2.  10.  4  apud  plerosque  scriptum  est. 
Nep.  2.  10.  5  legibus  non  concederetur. 


CHAPTER  VI 


SUMMARY  AND  CONCLUSION 


Unexpressed 

Personals  with 

Agent 

Plaut. 

Ter. 

Cato 

Varro 

Caes. 

Pseu- 

do 
Caes. 

Lucr. 

Cat. 

Sail. 

Nep. 

Cic. 

I.  First  Singular 
Definite 

31 

13 

I 

7 

54 

2.  Second  Singu- 
lar Definite. . 

9 

2 

29 

3.  Third  Singular 
Definite 

17 

12 

2 

5 

37 

14 

2 

13 

6 

177 

4.  First  Plural 
Real 

3 

9 

2 

2 

I 

I 

87 

5.  First  Plural 
Editorial 

S 

14 

I 

I 

45 

6.  Second  Plural 
Definite 

2 

I 

I 

8 

7.  Third  Plural 
Definite 

S 

3 

2 

103 

29 

2 

IS 

IS 

180 

8.  Second  Singu- 
lar Indefinite 

I 

3 

I 

2 

9.  Third  Singular 
Indefinite. . . 

4 

I 

2 

5 

I 

103 

10.  Third  Plural 
Indefinite. . . 

7 

4 

13 

3 

I 

I 

2 

4 

113 

II.  Agent  not  ex- 
pressed but 
definitely  un- 
derstood — 
a.  Third  Singular 

S 

3 

19 

b.  Third  Plural... 

I 

I 

2 

I 

13 

Total 

79 
983 

44 
280 

7 
109 

39 

387 

172 
340 

46 
158 

4 
227 

2 
116 

35 
121 

26 
124 

838 

Pages  of  text  exam- 
ined (reckoned  ap- 
proximately    with 
Teubner    page    as 
unit) 

4633 

Number  of  Teubner 

pages    per    imper- 
sonal verb  of  this 
tvoe 

12.4 
5 

6.3 

5 

IS. 5 

9.9 

1.9 
21 

3.4 
S 

S6.7 

2 

58 

3-4 
6 

4.7 

2 

5.5 

Impersonal  with 
Agent  Expressed 

80 

40 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


41 


Definite 

Sg.  Plu. 

Plautus 57  10 

Terence 27  12 

Cato 3  I 

Varro 12  11 

Caesar .42  122 

Pseudo-Caesar 14  31 

Lucretius o  3 

Catullus 2  o 

Sallust 16  17 

Nepos 6  15 

Total 179  222 


Indefinite 
Sg.     Plu. 

5  7 

I 

3 
3 
5 
o 
o 
o 
o 
I 


18 


4 
o 

13 

3 
I 

I 

o 

2 

4 
35 


In  examples  found  in  the  works  of  authors  other  than  histo- 
rians (Caesar,  Sallust,  Nepos  and  Lucretius)  the  singular  definite 
is  used  more  frequently  than  the  plural  definite.  In  the  histo- 
rians the  plural  definite  is  used  more  often. 

The  singular  indefinite  is  used  on  an  average  less  than  the  plu- 
ral indefinite,  the  ratio  being  about  i :  2. 

The  definite  meaning  occurs  more  frequently  than  the  indef- 
inite, the  ratio  being  about  15:  2. 

Plautus,  out  of  79  examples,  uses  31  which  require  a  logically 
implied  subject  in  first  singular  definite,  because  he  uses  dialogue 
requiring  a  first  singular  definite  subject.  This  impersonal  con- 
struction relieves  the  monotony  of  a  too  oft  recurring  first  per- 
son definite. 

Terence,  for  the  same  reason,  uses  for  the  most  part  an  im- 
personal requiring  a  logically  implied  subject  in  first  and  third 
singular  definite. 

Cato,  giving  directions  as  to  farming,  makes  very  little  use  of 
this  impersonal  construction.  Of  the  seven  examples  taken 
from  his  works  three  are  equivalent  to  a  personal  construction 
having  a  second  singular  indefinite  subject. 

One-third  of  the  examples  gathered  from  Varro  require  a  sub- 
ject in  the  third  plural  indefinite  because  Varro  treats  of  gram- 
mar and  of  affairs  pertaining  to  agriculture  and  does  it  in  gen- 
eral or  indefinite  terms.  He  uses  this  impersonal  passive  for  the 
sake  of  variety. 

Caesar  and  Sallust  write  of  war;  consequently  the  greater  num- 
ber of  their  impersonal  verbs  need  subjects  logically  implied  in 


42 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


the  third  person  singular  and  the  third  plural  definite.  To  avoid 
the  too  frequent  use  of  a  personal  subject  they  make  use  of 
this  impersonal  construction. 

Nepos  in  his  "Lives"  is  very  fond  of  this  impersonal  passive, 
having  for  its  active  a  logically  implied  subject  in  the  third  plu- 
ral definite. 

The  lyric  poet  Catullus  and  Lucretius  in  his  philosophical 
poem  make  very  scanty  use  of  this  impersonal  passive.  The 
comic  writers  Plautus  and  Terence,  however,  use  it  very  frequent- 
ly. 

In  conclusion  it  can  be  said: 

( I ) .  Writers  of  the  republican  period  do  not  use  the  impersonal 
passive  of  the  ventum  est  type  so  frequently  as  the  imperial  au- 
thors.    The  writers  of  the  empire  continued  to  make  use  of  this 

coBiDicijoi  I  \i  $01  jii  isdi  mo  ip  113  IE  tiiilr 

€HCi-§'.       1 11^  <!C)HCeig  OI  CII6  6lii|3iie  coiiciiiaea  co  iiiskg  qsg  oi  ciiia 

....  .^M...^:oM      oo   «a   a]ooi]io   Jdi  1  ^ooi^Jic     hiJdo  tthlOC   llC  ODS  eXOUDDJ© 
-FH*^*-^'         J^H^  yi^t-i-FGi-H   o^   -fpG   Gijj£>ii-G   cou4;iunGC|    ^o   ujrg^jcG   nee   o^   -FJJis 

DsggiAG  o{  ipe  jisjsiM  u\  |AD6  go  iLGdncuiiA  5g  ipG  wkm\  m- 

( '  ) '     NiH^^^^  ^i  ^H^  i.ebnpjicgu  bekioq  qo  uo^  nee  4:pe  iuJbGi.eou^j 

lu  couqnsiou  n  c^u  pe  ggiq: 
1>^- 


coiJJic  /Auj^GL2  j,ign4:n8  guq  xglgucg*  po/agagl*  hsg  ip  aglX  ^LGdnGu^:- 

boGUj  m^G  aglA  gcsufA  nsG  oj  ^pis  imbGLSou^i  b^ggjAG*   j^pG 

j^fJG  jXlic  bo€|:  c^^njing  suq  pncLGqns  lu  pi8  bpii08objJicq 
IS]  qcpuifG* 
p^AiuS  (OL  i;8  srcqAG  3  jo§ic^j]A  imb|iGq  snplGC^  lu  ^pc  ^piiq  b\n' 

I4Gb08  lU  pi8  „n^G8^^  18  AGLX  ^OUq  0^  ^pi8  lUjbGLSGUgj  b^88IAG' 
^pi8  IUjbGL80U^J  COU8;LncqOU* 

fpG  po  jLGdnGui:  nsG  o[  g  bcLsouq  8nplGC|:  ^pcX  ixjhjcg  nsG  0{ 
^pG  ^piiq  bGi8ou  8iugn|^L  guq  ^pG  ^paq  bjnL^j  qGyui^G*    j^o  ^AOiq 


^5 


\j  2^^^  ^\  ^\^^  \^\>^uowa\ 


APPENDIX  I 

EXCURSUS  ON  CAESAR 

A  table  follows,  showing  how  often  Caesar  and  pseudo-Caesar 
make  use  of  a  first  singular,  a  first  plural,  and  an  impersonal  con- 
struction of  verbs  of  saying,  thinking,  believing,  naming,  show- 
ing  etc. 

FIRST  PLURAL 
Caesar  pseudo-Caesar 


confidamus  B.  C.  2.4.4 
consuevimus  B.  G.  5.1.2 

imijiiiiiii  0  C 1 1* ' 

consuevitmis   B.   Ci.    5.1.2 

1:  DO 


(I) 
(I) 

(•) 

(I) 
CD 

(        » 


audiehamus  B.  Alex.  74.3  (i) 

demonstravimus  B.  Afr.  24.1,  34.1, 

D  II     8    D  ii 

dstrtoft.sifa.vittt^'u.s     B.     A.fr-.     ^4- 


34-1. 


«^^»*<i\s"2.\vcts^s\\s4^*i.    ;b'     "Vl.^*    s-^"!*    3'i"i* 


bacnqo-  q;3gbsi. 


imi  brnKvr 


luS   g;c* 

f         I» 

I 

84:Lnc4:iou  o^  AGipg  o^  sgXiuS^  ^piupiuS^  pGiiGAiu&^  uguJluR^  8pO//i- 

m^JCG  nSG  0[  ^  JJL8;  8IUgn]gL*  S  JJL8^  h\[\l^'  SUq  ^U  lUJbGlgOU^]  cou- 

Y  ;srp]G  \o\\oiL2'  gpo/AiuS  }J0//i  oj^Gu  c^Gg^L  ^uq  bsGnqo-c^Gs^L 

EXCflKSn?  OM  CVE?VK 

VLbEMDIX  I 


^o 


ySeuf  Exbieeseq 

]ml)€L80USri  JAJfp 

,\  K-  .  .  .  .  t 

2 
13-^ 

d83 
i5 

2 
Q-3 

380 

i2"2 
lod 

dd 
38i 

3d 

31 

Id 
3^0 

lis 

2 
3*1 

128 

3 

2Q-i 

33i 

28 

IIQ 

3 

Q 

3-^ 

131 

32 

3 

izi 

3Q 

80 

(A0€ 

90U3]   A6ip    01    fpi8 
1)9868    b6l    imb€L- 

I^nmpei  o^  x^npuGi 

21 

nv\() 

lenpuGi   bsSG   98 

OlOXIUJSfGlX      iAIfp 

lUGq  (LGcjcouGq  sb- 

i,98G8  Ot  f  GXf  GXSrUJ- 

^Q35 

lot^ 

838 

P'  XPmbini?!-' 

I 

I 

3 

I 

IS 

q6i8(ooq  — 
q6(JU!(6|A  nu- 
bieaaeq  pnf 
ir  v86Uf  uof  Gx- 

2 

3 

Id 

lo-  XPI'-q  bl"»-sfl 

i 

^ 

13 

3 

I 

I 

3 

^ 

IIS 

uc 

GUDIfG-- 

1 

I 

i 

j 

T 

ml 

J 

Alii.. 

1 

1 

1 

! 

1 

IB) 

10.  Third  Plural 

Indefinite.  .  . 

7 

4 

13 

3 

I 

I 

2 

4 

113 

1 1 .    Agent   not   ex- 
pressed   but 

definitely  un- 

qceuifGiX  na- 

Dl§i«M  DQC 

definitely  un- 

acrstooa 

a.    Third  Singular 

s 

3 

10 

b.  Third  Plural. . . 

I 

I 

2 

I 

35 

121 

3-4 
6 

13 

Total 

79 

983 

12.4 
S 

44 

280 

6.3 
5 

7 
109 

IS. 5 

39 

387 
9.9 

172 

340 

1.9 

21 

46 

IS8 

3.4 
S 

4 

227 

56.7 
2 

2 
116 

58 

26 

124 

4-7 

2 

828 

Pages 
Sned  (] 
proxiiT 
Teubn 
unit) . 

of 
rec 
lat 
er 

text  exam- 

koned  ap- 

ely      with 

page    as 

462a 

Numb 
pages 
sonal 
tvoe. . 

er  of  Teubner 

per    imper- 

verb  of  this 

5.5 

Impersonal  with 
Agent  Expressed 

80 

40 


pGL  0^  ^:pGiL  lujbGLSOU^j  AGipg  UGGq  8nplGC^8  ]oSic^]|X  iiubjiGq  lU 
(^STGgSL  ?uq  g^jjngf  mu|:g  oj  m^l!  cousGcfnGuqX  ^\sg  8lg?;gl  unuj- 

8SJCG  OJ  A^LIG|:X* 

Giq  OL  IUqGJJUI|:G  fGLIIJS'      JJG  n8G8  |:pi8  IUjbGL80Uq  b^88IAG  JOL  |:pG 

m^L  guq  o^  3^^118  bGLf^iuiug  ^0  sKucn]^f\iG  suq  qoG8  i|:  lu  &gu- 
Igc^  iu  ^pG  ^paq  bini^j  luqGyui^G  pGCsnsG  /^^llo  ;lg?|:8  o{  Sl^uj- 

QUG-^fpaq  OJ  |:pG  GX^IJjb]G8  S^^pGLGq  ^LOUJ  /^SLLO  LGdniLG  s  8np- 

psAiug  s  8GC0uq  8iuSn|3L  iuqG)JUi|:G  8nplGcr 

(Louj  pi8  /AOip  |:pLGG  SLG  GdniAqGU|:  p  ^  bGL80u^j  cou8|:Lncqou 

|:pi8   iujbGL80u?i   cou8|:Lncqou-     Ql  ^H^  8GAGU  GX3Iub|G8   ^S^GU 

(^gp'  SiAiuS  qiLGcqou8  ^8  p  j^LUJiuS*  uj^jcGS  aglX  ji^jg  nsG  0^ 
8iuSn]SL  qGguip* 

bGL80U3j  LGdniLiug  ^  jogicqiX  imbjiGq  snplGCf  m  {jl8|:  ^uq  i:piLq 

JLGLGUCG'  {OL  |:pG  8^UJG  LGS80U'  n8G8  JOL  ^^G  UJ08J:  bSLj:  ^U  lUJ- 

80U  qG(JUItG* 

8|LncqOU  LG|IGAG2  (pG  lUOUOpuA  0(  3  fOO  0{[  LGCniUUg  (JL8f  bGL- 

LGdniuug  ^  gL8;  8iu8nj^L  qG(JUii:G  gnpkcr    ipis  iiubGLgou^i  cou- 

lUjbjiGq  snplGCi:  lu  yL8f  giuSnjs^L  qcyuifG'  pGCS^nsG  jjg  nsGS  qis^joSnG 

'  pifif  ofii  01  JO  MBp'  mi  31  iipicp  iffliiiie  if  m\^ 

Plautus,  out  of  79  examples,  uses  31  which  require  a  logically 

implied  subject  in  first  singular  definite,  because  he  uses  dialogue 
requiring  a.  first  singular  definite  subject.       This  impersonal  con- 

struction  relieves  the  monotony  of  a  too  oft  recurring  first  per- 

SfLnCflOU    LGJIGAGS    fpG    UJOUOfOuX    0|_   Q"    4^00   OJ^i:   LGCnLLIUS    l^t-'Stl    BgL- 
struction    r^lie-v^es    tH^    mono-tony    of    a.    -too    oft    r-ecurring    farst:    per- 

son    dennite. 

Terence,  for  the  same  reason,  uses  for  the  most  part  an  im- 
personal requiring  a  logically  implied  subject  in  first  and  third 
singular  definite. 

Cato,  giving  directions  as  to  farming,  makes  very  little  use  of 
this  impersonal  construction.  Of  the  seven  examples  taken 
from  his  works  three  are  equivalent  to  a  personal  construction 
having  a  second  singular  indefinite  subject. 

One-third  of  the  examples  gathered  from  Varro  require  a  sub- 
ject in  the  third  plural  indefinite  because  Varro  treats  of  gram- 
mar and  of  aff"airs  pertaining  to  agriculture  and  does  it  in  gen- 
eral or  indefinite  terms.  He  uses  this  impersonal  passive  for  the 
sake  of  variety. 

Caesar  and  Sallust  write  of  war;  consequently  the  greater  num- 
ber of  their  impersonal  verbs  need  subjects  logically  implied  in 


42 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


1 


the  third  person  singular  and  the  third  plural  definite.  To  avoid 
the  too  frequent  use  of  a  personal  subject  they  make  use  of 
this  impersonal  construction. 

Nepos  in  his  "Lives"  is  very  fond  of  this  impersonal  passive, 
having  for  its  active  a  logically  implied  subject  in  the  third  plu- 
ral definite. 

The  lyric  poet  Catullus  and  Lucretius  in  his  philosophical 
poem  make  very  scanty  use  of  this  impersonal  passive.  The 
comic  writers  Plautus  and  Terence,  however,  use  it  very  frequent- 

ly. 

In  conclusion  it  can  be  said: 

( I ) .  Writers  of  the  republican  period  do  not  use  the  impersonal 
passive  of  the  ventum  est  type  so  frequently  as  the  imperial  au- 
thors. The  writers  of  the  empire  continued  to  make  use  of  this 
construction,  as  is  shown  by  Tacitus,  who  gives  us  one  example, 
approximately,  for  every  3.4  pages,  Juvenal,  one  example  for 
every  11.8  pages,  Horace,  one  for  every  25.5  pages,  and  Sueton- 
ius, one  for  every  2.5  pages. 

(2).  This  idiom  is  used  most  frequently  by  historians  of  this 
(republican)  period ;  Caesar,  Sallust,  and  Nepos. 

(3).  It  is  not  popular  with  the  poets  of  this  age,  except  the 
writers  of  comedy. 

(4).  In  republican  times,  the  impersonal  passive  of  the  ven- 
tum est  type  was  commonly  equivalent  to  an  active,  having  a 
definite  subject  implied  in  the  context.  In  this  investigation, 
four  hundred  fifty-four  examples  have  been  cited ;  four  hundred 
one  of  these  show  a  definite  doer  for  the  active  equivalent,  only 
fifty-three  show  an  indefinite  agent  implied  for  the  equivalent 
active. 


APPENDIX  I 


EXCURSUS  ON  CAESAR 


A  table  follows,  showing  how  often  Caesar  and  pseudo-Caesar 
make  use  of  a  first  singular,  a  first  plural,  and  an  impersonal  con- 
struction of  verbs  of  saying,  thinking,  believing,  naming,  show- 
ing  etc. 


Caesar 


(I) 
(I) 
(I) 


confidamus  B.  C.  2.4.4 
consuevimus  B.  G.  5.1.2 
credimus  B.  C.  2.27.2 
demonstravimus  B.  C.  1.3 1.2,  3.4.6, 

3.10.1,   3.56.1,  3.58.1,  3.62.3,  3. 

66.2,  3.67.5,  3.68.2,  3.79.6,  3.84. 

3»  3-894.  31001;     B.  G.  2.1. 1, 

2.22.1,  5.2.2,  5.3.1,  5.19.1,  5.22.1, 

549-2,  5-56.3.  6.8.9,  6.29.1,  6.34. 

I.   6.35.3,   7.37.1,   7.48.1,   7.70.1, 

7.76.1,  7.79.2,  7.83.8,  7.85.4.  (32) 
dixeramus  B.  G.  2.1.1,  2.28.1  (2) 
diximus  B.  G.  3.5.2,  3.15.1,  3.26.3, 

4.4.1,  7.17.1,  7.23.2,  7.58.3  (7) 
docuimus  B.  C.  3.80.2,  3.84.5,  3.88. 

3;  B.  G.  6.2.1,  6.35.5,  6.40.4  (6) 
existimavimus  B.  G.  7.25.1.  (i) 

exterreamur  B.  C.  2.4.4  (i) 

meminimus  B.  C.  3.108.2  (i) 

mentionem  fecimus  B.  C.  3.99.2,  B. 

G.   6.38.1  (2) 

nominavimus  B.  G.  2.18.1  (i) 

ostendimus  B.  G.  3.10.1  (i) 

Putamus  B.  C.  3. 17. 1  (i) 

reperiebamus  B.  C.  3.53.1,  3.57.5; 


FIRST  PLURAL 

pseudo-Caesar 

audiebamus  B.  Alex.  74.3  (i) 

demonstravimus  B.  Afr.  24.1,  34.1, 
74.1;  B.  Alex.  28.2;  B.  H.  20.3, 
25.7,  28.4,  31.4,  34.6,  39.1, 
40.1.  (11) 

docuimus  B.  Afr.  55.1;  B.Alex. 33. 
2  (2) 

scripsimus  B.  Alex.  69.2,  78.2;  B.  H. 

4.2,  5-2  (4) 

Total  18. 


B.  G.  5.13.4 
scripsimus  B.  G.  2.29.1 
sentimus  B.  C.  2.27.2 
speramus  B.  C.  2.27.2 
utimur  B.  G.  5.1.2 
videbamus  B.  G.  5.13.4 
volumus  B.  C.  2.27.2 

Total 


(3) 
(I) 
(I) 
(I) 
(I) 
(I) 
(I) 
67 


43 


44 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


FIRST  SINGULAR 


Caesar 


commemoram  B.  G.  4.16.2,  4.1 7.1  (2) 
demonstraveram  B.  G.  4.27.2  (i) 
demonstravi  B.  C.  3.15.6  (i) 

dixeram  B.  G.  2.24.1  (i) 

Total  5 


pseudo-Caesar 

arhitror  B.  Afr.  7.4;  59.1  (2) 

commemoravi  B.  Afr.  41.3, 48.2, 73.1, 

80.3;  B.  G.  8.47.2  (5) 

demonstravi  B.  Alex.  30.5  (i) 

{fi:ciB.  Afr.  32.1,  51.6,  69.4  (3) 

docui  B.  Afr.  38.1,  38.2,  B.  G.  8.10. 

4,  8.19.2,  8.44.3  (5) 

existimavi  B.  G.  8.48.10  (i) 

nominavi  B.  Afr.  96.2  (l) 

ordiar  B.  Afr.  60.1  (l) 

perveniam  B.  Afr.  60.1  (i) 

scio  B.  G.  8.48.10  (i) 

scripsi  B.  Alex.  35.3,  B.  G.  8.44.4 

(2) 
statui  B.  G.  8.48. 1 1  (i) 

Total      24. 


Impersonals 


demonstratum  est  B.  Alex.  4.1,  B.  G. 

8. 4*4* 

Total      2. 


auditum  erat  B.  C.  2.38.3  (i) 

cognitumest  B.  C.  3.86.1;  B.  G.  2.17. 

2  (2) 

demonstratum  est  B.  C.  1.39.1,  1.48. 

3,  1.56.2,  2.28.1,  2.34.1,   2.42.5, 

3.6.3,  3.  15.  I.  3-39.1.  3.62.1,  B. 

G.  4.28.1.  (11) 

dictum  est  B.  G.  1.16.2,  1.49.3,  3.20. 

I,  4-35.1  (4) 

perventum  est  B.  G.  6.11.1  (i) 

videtur  B.  G.  7.5.6  (i) 

Total       20. 

Of  these  twenty-two  impersonals  four  have  indirect  discourse 
as  subject:  demonstratum  est  B.  C.  2.  28.  i,  2.  42.  2,  B.  G.  8.  4. 
3;  videtur  B.  G.  7.  5.  6. 


OBSERVATIONS 

1.  Caesar  uses  more  than  three  times  as  many  first  plurals 
as  pseudo-Caesar,  67  :i8. 

2.  Pseudo-Caesar  uses  more  than  four  times  as  many  first 
singulars  as  Caesar,  24:5. 

3.  Caesar  uses  ten  times  as  many  impersonals  as  pseudo- 
Caesar,  20:2. 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


45 


4.  Since  Caesar  uses  67  first  plurals  to  5  first  singulars,  or 
13  times  as  many,  his  impersonals  should  be  interpreted  as  first 
plurals  rather  than  first  singulars.  Pseudo-Caesar  uses  eighteen 
first  plurals  to  twenty-four  first  singulars.  These  impersonals 
of  his  may  be  interpreted  as  first  singulars  or  first  plurals. 


APPENDIX   II 

DOUBTFUL  READINGS 

Those  passages  which  have  various  textual  readings  have  been 

listed.     The  text  is  uncertain;  therefore  they  have  not  been  in- 
cluded in  the  discussion. 

Plaut.  M.  G.  1409  factumst.  One  Ms.  has  the  reading  factum  est, 
while  another  reads  /actus  est. 

Plaut.  True.  127  cenetur,  Ms.  Ambrosianus  has  cena  detur,  Pal- 
atinus  reads  centur. 

Ter.  And.  451  ohsonatum  est.  This  is  the  reading  of  the  Vatica- 
nus  Ms. ;  obsonatus  est  is  another  reading.  The  latter  reading 
is  strongly  favored  by  the  context. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  86.  4  noceatur.  ne  cut  de  his  noceatur  is  the  read- 
ing of  one  Ms.     Another  reads  ne  quid  eis  noceatur. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  16.  4  componeretur  has  componerentur  for  a  variant 
reading. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  18.  3  visum  est,  reversus  est  and  rursus  are  the  dif- 
ferent readings  for  this  passage. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  24.  2  imperatum  est  is  a  reading  given  by  only  one 
text,  that  of  Kubler.     It  has  no  Ms.  authority. 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  79.  3  concurritur ;  ^  group  of  Mss.  has  concurritur, 
the  a  group  has  concurrunt.  The  latter  seems  to  be  the 
better  reading. 

Lucr.  2.  94  probatumst.  The  Ms.  readings  of  this  passage  are 
ostendi  .  .  probatumst  and  ostendit  .  .  probatumst. 
The  latter  makes  spatium  the  subject  of  probatumst. 


46 


APPENDIX  III 


NOTES  ON  RELINQUITUR,  SITUM  EST,  ACTUM 

EST,  ETC. 

relinquitur,  although  an  impersonal  passive  in  Varro  L.  L.  10. 
30,  R.  R.  2.  2.  20,  2.  3.  9,  2.  9.  I,  has  not  been  classed  with 
the  ventum  est  group.  It  is  equivalent  to  restat  or  to  super- 
est,  and  has  been  considered  as  an  impersonal  of  the  third 
type,  a  classification  to  which  restat  and  superest  belong. 
In  Varro  R.  R.  3.  16.  i,  relinquitur  has  a  subject.  Usually 
it  is  followed  by  ut,  where  the  w^clause  is  subject;  as  in  Caes. 
B.  C.  I.  29.2,  B.  G.  5.  19.  3,  etc. 

In  Plaut.  Stich.  53  est  situm  is  an  impersonal  passive  and  also  is 
equivalent  to  restat  or  superest.  It  has,  therefore,  not  been 
included  in  the  ventum  est  group. 

Actum  est  in  Plaut.  Cist.  685,  actum  siet  Ter.  Heaut.  456, 
actumst  in  Ter.  Eun.  54,  717,  985  and  Heaut.  584  are 
impersonal  passive,  in  form,  but  not  in  meaning.  Ago  in 
its  original  meaning  is  an  active  transitive  verb.  Res  acta 
est,  the  case  is  over  (and  done  for) ;  acta  haec  res  est,  this  mat- 
ter is  ended.  From  this  meaning  arose  the  expression  actum 
est  de  aliqua  re,  it  is  all  over  with  a  person  or  thing.  Every- 
thing is  lost.  The  person  is  utterly  ruined.  Since  actum 
est  is  the  regular  form  meaning  **it  is  all  over,"  it  has  not 
been  included  in  this  study. 

In  Sallust  Cat.  52.  6  agitur  de  vectigalibus  =  vectigalia  aguntur, 
vectigalia  is  felt  to  be  the  subject. 

In  Varro  R.  R.  i.  2.  20  non  inigi  is  not  an  impersonal  passive. 
Hoc  nomine  refers  to  caprini  generis,  from  which  a  subject 
is  clearly  implied. 

Plaut.  Cure.  681  creditur  has  not  been  included  in  this  study. 
Creditur  may  here  be  an  impersonal  passive  with  an  indef- 
inite implied  subject  in  the  third  singular  as  <homo>  credit, 
cf.  French  on,  German  man,  or  a  third  plural  may  be  its 
implied  indefinite  subject,  as  homines  credunt;  or  it  may 
have  a  word  for  money  as  its  subject,  for  such  a  word  is  the 
subject  of  perit.     The  last  interpretation  seems  the  best. 

47 


INDEX  LOCORUM 


CAESAR 


B.  Afr. 

4-3 

mandatum  erat 

20 

B.  C. 

1-5  4 

decernitur 

20 

6.6 

discedebatur 

20 

it 

1.6.3 

refertur,  refertur 

37 

18.4 

pugnaretur,  redire 

- 

11 

1.6.6 

feratur 

20 

tur 

38 

41 

1.24.5 

disceptetur 

20 

19.4 

decertatum  est 

20 

II 

1.26. I 

pugnabatur 

38 

26.3 

subventum  foret 

26 

(1 

1.26.4 

discedatur,    disces. 

■ 

31.2 

accederetur 

20 

sum    sit 

27 

405 

cani 

37 

II 

1.26.5 

agi 

20 

50.1 

perveniretur 

20 

41 

1.37.3 

imperatum  erat 

20 

61. 1 

dimicaretur 

26 

44 

1.39  I 

demonstratum  est 

24 

82.3 

pugnari 

20 

44 

I. 41. 3 

dimicaretur 

27 

88.7 

imperatum  erat 

20 

41 

1.43.5 

contenditur 

27 

B.  Alex. 

1-5 

succurri 

20 

II 

1.45-6 

pugnabatur 

27 

2.3 

pugnaretur 

26 

44 

I . 46 . I 

pugnatum  esset 

27 

2.5 

visum  est 

26 

41 

1.46.3 

pugnatum  est 

27 

4.1 

demonstratum  est 

24 

41 

1.47.4 

pugnatum  est 

27 

9.2 

occursum  est 

20 

44 

1.48.3 

demonstratum  est 

24 

14. 1 

ventum  est 

20 

44 

1.56.2 

demonstratum  est 

24 

15  7 

discessum  est 

26 

41 

1.57.3 

pugnatum  est 

38 

16.5 

decertatum  est 

27 

II 

1.58.2 

ventum  erat 

27 

19.6 

pugnabatur 

38 

II 

I . 67 . I 

veniri,  disputatur27,38 

255 

ventum  esset 

27 

41 

I . 67 . 2 

exiri,  conclamatum 

293 

certaretur 

27 

esset                  27 

.36 

31   I 

pugnabatur 

27 

II 

1.69.4 

conclamatur 

27 

31.2 

ventum  est 

27 

II 

1. 71. 1 

confligeretur 

20 

39  2 

processum  est 

38 

11 

1.79  4 

adpropinquatum 

40.1 

concurritur,    pug- 

esset 

27 

natur 

27 

II 

1.80. I 

pugnatur,    proce- 

46.3 

concurritur 

27 

ditur 

38 

53- 1 

concurritur 

27 

44 

1.80.5 

pugnatur 

21 

60.5 

confligitur 

27 

II 

1.84.2 

venitur 

21 

62.3 

pugnatur 

27 

II 

I. 85. 12 

dictum  esset 

21 

63.3 

pugnetur 

27 

II 

1.86.3 

disputatum  esset 

28 

75-3 

confligitur 

20 

II 

1.87. I 

veniatur 

28 

B.C. 

I.I.I 

referretur 

37 

11 

1.87.3 

postulatum  est 

28 

1.2.2 

referri 

37 

II 

2.9.9 

visum  est 

28 

1.2.7 

refertur 

37 

44 

2.16.2 

noceri 

28 

1.4. 1 

resistitur 

27 

II 

2.22.5 

imperatum  est 

21 

1-5.3 

decurritur,  disces- 

II 

2.25.7 

imperatum  est 

21 

sum  est 

20 

44 

2.31.4 

credi 

24 

48 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


49 


B.C. 


2.34  I 

2.38.3 
3.6.1 

3.6.2 

3. 14. I 

15  I 
16.4 

16.5 
19  5 
26.5 

33.1 
37.3 
39  I 
52.1 


3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 


3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 


62.1 

63.2 

675 

72.3 
72.4 

75-2 

75-4 
80.3 

853 
86.1 

86.3 
87.7 
93  I 


demonstratum  est  24 
auditum  erat  25 

f)erventum  esset  28 
demonstratum  est  24 
praeceptum  erat  38 
demonstratum  est  24 
discederetur  28 

rediri  28 

ventum  esset  28 

itum  est  28 

ventum  esset  21 

co.^tenderetur  28 

demonstratum  est  24 
pugnatum  est,  suc- 
curri 28 
demonstratum  est  24 
dimicaretur,  resisti  28 
pugnatum  est 
dimicatum 
offensum  esset 
conclamari 
ventum  esset 
succurratur 
dimicari 
cognitum  est 
accessum  sit 
discessum  est 
concurri,     praecep- 


B.G. 


B.C. 

14 


44 
II 
II 
44 
44 
41 
14 
14 


93  3 
96.4 

3.100.1 

3. 109. I 
3. Ill  2 

3-111  3 
3. III. 5 
3112. 7 

I. 16. 2 
1.22.3 
1.26. I 
1.26.2 
26.3 
26.4 

30.5 

31.2 

1.43.2 

1.43  4 


tum  erat 

imperatum  erat 

dicebatur 

factum 

ageretur 

pugnatum  est 

pugnabatur 

actum  est,  agi 

pugnatum  est,  dis- 
cederetur 

dictum  est 

praeceptum  erat 

pugnatum  est 

pugnatum  sit 

pugnatum  est 

pugnatum  esset 

mandatum  esset 

enuntiatum  esset 

dictum  erat 

ventum  est 


28 
28 
21 

37 
21 

28 
21 

28 
28 
28 

38 
21 

36 

38 
28 
28 
28 
28 

29 

24 

38 

29 

29 

29 
29 

29 
34 
29 
29 


II 

41 
44 
41 
41 
41 
44 
l< 
l( 
It 
II 
l< 
<< 
II 
II 

II 
II 
44 
44 
14 
41 
II 
44 
14 
14 
44 
44 
44 
44 
41 

II 

14 
14 

44 
44 
4< 
14 
14 
44 
II 
II 
II 
41 


1 .  44 . 8  concedi  24 

1 .  49 . 3  dictum  est  24 

1.50  3  pugnatum  est  38 

1 .  52 . 4  pugnatum  est  29 
2.6.1  sustentatum  est  29 

2.9.1  contendebatur  29 

2 .  10. 1  pugnatum  est  29 
2 .  II . 4  ventum  erat  29 
2 . 1 1 . 6  imperatum  erat  2 1 
2.17.2  cognitum  est  29 
2.17.4  intrari,  perspici  34 
2 .  20 . 1  concurri  29 
2.32.4  perspectum  est  29 
2.33.2  intellect um  est  29 

2 .  33 . 3  concursum  est  29 
2.33.4  pugnari,    pugna- 
tum est            38, 39 

3.3.2  veniri  34 
3.5.1  pugnaretur  29 

3. 14. 1  noceri  21 

3.15.4  pugnaretur  29 
3.18.6  pro  visum  erat  39 
3.20.1  dictum  est  24 
3 . 2 1 . 1  pugnatum  est  29 

3 .  22 . 4  pugnatum  esset  29 
3 .  23 . 2  ventum  erat  2 1 

3.24.5  exspectari,  iretur.  29 

3.25.1  pugnaretur  39 

3.26.2  imperatum  erat  21 
4.8.1  visum  est  2 1 

4 . 1 1 . 1  constitutum  erat  2 1 

4.13.5  dicebatur,     dictum 

esset  29 

23 . 2  administratum    es- 
set 39 

26.1  pugnatum    est  39 

28 . 1  ventum    est,    dem- 
onstratum est  21,  24 

31.3  navigari  2 1 
35 . 1  dictum  est  24 

5-3.3  cognitum  est  21 

5.6.1  dictum  est  39 

5.7.9  imperatum  erat  2 1 

5.8.5  accessum  sit  2 1 

5 .  16 . 1  dimicaretur  29 

5.19.3  discedi  29 
5  •  25 . 5  perventum  30 
5.26.1  ventum  est  30 


50 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


.  G. 

5-30.1 

resisteretur 

39 

B.  G. 

8.7-7 

diceretur 

36 

<i 

5-3II 

consurgitur 

30 

8 

10.2 

contendebatur 

31 

«1 

5-3I-5 

maneatur 

30 

8 

12.5 

dimicari 

31 

II 

5. 35-5 

pugnaretur 

30 

8 

19  3 

pugnatur 

31 

II 

5-40.3 

resistitur 

39 

8 

23-5 

ventum  esset 

31 

11 

5-44-3 

pugnaretur 

30 

8 

27-5 

praeceptum  erat 

21 

II 

5. 45-5 

cognoscitur 

21 

8 

.29. 1 

dimicaretur 

31 

II 

5-47-3 

imperatum  ( 

^rat 

21 

8 

48.3 

contenderetur 

31 

II 

5-48.7 

praeceptum 

erat 

21 

B.  H. 

II. 2 

pugnatum  est 

31 

II 

5-50.5 

concursari,  agi 

30 

13  7 

pugnatum  est 

31 

II 

5-56.1 

veniri 

30 

15-5 

pugnari 

31 

II 

5-58.3 

visum  est 

30 

238 

pugnatum  est 

31 

II 

6. II. I 

perv-entum  est 

24 

27.6 

ventum  esset 

21 

II 

6.13  7 

interdictum 

est 

30 

33-2 

ventum  esset 

31 

II 

6. 19. 3 

compertum 

est 

30 

35-1 

ventum  esset 

21 

II 

6.30.1 

imperatum  ( 

iSt 

21 

CATO 

II 

6.34-7 

noceretur 

21 

II 

6.37-6 

trepidatur 

30 

de  Agi 

• 

5-7 

substernatur 

33 

II 

6.43-4 

ventum  est 

21 

(< 

14. 1 

iussitur 

33 

II 

7-2.3 

disceditur 

30 

<i 

39  2 

cessetur 

33 

II 

7.4.2 

concurritur 

30 

<< 

118 

scriptum  est 

16 

n 

7-9-5 

nuntiari 

34 

4< 

144-3 

conductum  erit, 

20 

II 

7-15-3 

deliberatur 

30 

locatum     erit 

20 

II 

7.16.3 

iretur,  occurreba- 

<l 

150. 1 

interkalatum  erit 

37 

tur 

30 

,39 

CATULLUS 

II 

7 .  24 . 4 

occurreretur 

30 

K 

9           ■       i 

39-2 

ventum  est 

21 

•  • 

II 

7-25  I 

7.28.1 

pugnaretur 
veniretur 

30 
30 

39-5 

lugetur 

21 

II 

7-35-5 

perventum 

30 

LUCRETIUS 

II 

7.36.2 

despici 

36 

2.962 

decursum  siet 

31 

II 

7-36.7 

veniri 

• 

21 

3-59S 

! 

trepidatur 

31 

■■ 

7-47-1 

cam 

37 

5.18 

vivi 

36 

II 

7.47.2 

praeceptum 

erat 

39 

5-I149 

concessumst 

39 

II 

7-49  I 

pugnari 

30 

6.32 

occurri 

24 

II 

7-50.1 

pugnaretur 

30 

6.377 

turbat 

ur 

39 

II 

7.61. I 

ventum    esset 

21 

II 

• 

7.61.3 

tumultuari 

30 

NEPOS 

II 

7.67.2 

pugnatur 

30 

1-4 

5 

desperari 

32 

II 

7.70.1 

contenditur 

39 

1.4 

5 

dimirari 

32 

11 

7.70.6 

veniri 

30 

2.10. 

4 

script um  est 

39 

II 

7-76.5 

pugnaretur 

30 

2.10 

5 

concederetur 

39 

II 

7.80.6 

pugnaretur 

30 

4.3 

7 

iudicari 

32 

II 

7.84.2 

pugnatur, 

concur 

« 

6.1 

.2 

factum  est 

22 

ritur 

31 

6.3 

•5 

iudicatum  foret 

32 

II 

7-85.4 

laboratur 

31 

6.4 

.1 

perlatum  esse 

36 

II 

7.87.1 

pugnaretur 

31 

8.3 

•3 

reditum  erat 

32 

11 

8.1.2 

resisti 

31 

10.9 

■5 

dictum  est 

36 

II 

8.7.2 

demigratum  esse 

31 

10.10 

.2 

factum  est 

36 

A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


51 


14.8. 

3     pugnatum  erat 

22 

Merc. 

324 

visumst 

15 

14. II. 

I     conveniretur 

32 

II 

465 

auscultabitur 

15 

15-3- 

3     disputaretur 

32 

II 

776 

abibitur 

15 

15-8. 

I     reditum  est 

22 

M.  G. 

561 

factum  esse 

38 

16.4. 

I     dimicatum  est 

32 

II 

590 

actum  est 

19 

17.2. 

I     dimicari 

32 

II 

737 

desisti 

25 

18.4 

I     pugnatum  esset 

32 

11 

758 

adpositumst 

34 

18.7 

3     conveniretur,     delibe- 

II 

1085 

responsumst 

19 

raretur 

32 

II 

109 1 

factumst 

26 

18.8 

4     perveniri 

22 

II 

1173 

praeceptumst 

15 

18.9 

4     praenuntiatum  esse 

34 

II 

1332 

factum  est 

19 

18.9 

5     imperatum  erat 

22 

II 

1403 

ventumst 

19 

18.9 

5     auditum  esse 

32 

Most. 

235 

estur,  bibitur 

35 

19.4 

I     perventum  est 

22 

II 

260 

dictum 

19 

20.3 

5     decretum  sit 

32 

li 

314 

imperatum  est 

15 

25.2 

4     dictum  esset 

32 

11 

401 

curabitur 

15 

25-14 

I     cenatum  est 

36 

11 

958 

potarier 

19 

Pers. 

17b 

vivitur 

15 

PLAUTUS 

II 

246 

tacitum  erit,  celabi- 

Amph 

.  219 

exitum  est 

38 

tur 

15 

(( 

700 

factum  est 

18 

11 

320 

credetur 

15 

i< 

749 

factumst 

18 

Poen. 

533 

curratur 

33 

(< 

942 

reventum  est 

35 

II 

756 

postulatumst 

18 

As. 

259 

impetritum,     inaugu- 

II 

805 

factum 

38 

ratumst 

15 

li 

835 

bibitur,  estur 

26 

Aul. 

527 

itur 

19 

11 

913 

dictumst 

16 

Bacch 

.    43 

emeritum  sit 

19 

Pseud 

•    74 

scriptum  est 

19 

a 

66 

desudascitur 

15 

II 

273 

amatur,  egetur 

16 

11 

295 

factum 

38 

II 

453 

itur 

26 

<i 

447 

itur 

19 

11 

457 

statur 

16 

li 

544 

invideatur 

34 

II 

501 

dictumst 

18 

<4 

757 

accubitum  erit 

25 

II 

516 

praedicitur 

18 

Cas. 

394 

factum 

38 

II 

687 

philosophatum  est 

16 

<( 

758a 

ibitur 

15 

II 

1113 

imperatumst 

19 

(1 

813 

exitur 

26 

Rud. 

271 

veniri 

35 

Cist. 

519 

definitumst 

15 

li 

776 

curatumst 

16 

Cure. 

122 

dici 

18 

Stich. 

467 

sustentatumst 

16 

(( 

336 

responsumst 

19 

II 

509 

credetur 

16 

li 

646 

ventum  est 

23 

11 

586 

sustentatumst 

16 

It 

679 

credi 

35 

II 

774 

saltatum  est 

23 

41 

680 

credi 

35 

Trin. 

65 

vivitur 

34 

«< 

714 

factum  est 

18 

II 

65 

vivitur 

34 

Men. 

533 

factum  est 

15 

II 

138 

mandatum 

19 

<i 

538 

curabitur 

15 

1 

138 

curatum 

18 

<( 

650 

factum 

19 

II 

308 

actumst 

19 

<( 

679 

factum  est 

15 

11 

578 

ibitur 

16 

II 

808 

factumst 

19 

II 

600 

imperatumst 

19 

II 

964 

proventum  est 

15 

II 

720 

sisti 

16 

52 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


II 
«I 


True.        9  ventumst 

369  ambulatumst 

667  ibitur 

746  invidetur 
SALLUST 

Cat.      2.8  siletur 

9.4  vindicatum  est 

45 . 2  praeceptum  erat 

48 . 5  referatur 

50.5  ventum  est 

51.5  consultum  est 

51.21  animadvorteretur 

55 . 5  praeceptum  erat 

60.2  ventum  est 

60.3  certatur 
Jug.       5.1  itum  est 

13.8  consuleretur 

25 . 1  consuleretur 

28 . 3  nuntiari 

29 . 6  imperatum  erat 
31.26  vindicatum 

52 . 3  praeceptum  f uerat 

53 . 1  imperabatur 

53.2  ventum  est, 
ritur 

54.10  subveniretur 

58 . 1  certatur 

60 . 1  certabatur 

62 . 7  iussum  erat 

67 . 2  resisti 

74 . 3  certatum 
75 . 7  ventum 
76.5  ventum  erat 
91 . 1  ventum  est 
96.1  dictum  est 

102.4  concessum 

105. 1  consuleretur 

107. 1  pugnatum 
107.7  perventum  est 

108.2  caveri 

109.3  praeceptum  f uerat 
1 1 2. 3  veniretur 
1 1 3. 2  veniretur 
1 13. 6  dictum  erat,  invadi 

tur 
114. 1     pugnatum 
TERENCE 

Ad.       210  actum  esse 


11 


23 
18 

16 

35 

36 

31 
21 

37 
21 

31 

37 
22 

31 
31 
36 
22 
22 

37 
22 

24 
22 
22 
concur- 
31»  39 
31 
31 

31 
22 

39 

31 
22 

31 
22 

24 
39 
31 
39 
32 
22 
22 

39 
32 

32 
39 

16 


Ad. 


II 
II 

II 


279 
302 

474 


II 
II 

I 

» 

II 


And. 
II 


II 


508 

561 

631 
662 

958 
129 

251 
501 
271 

348 
416 

851 
902 

1066 

Heaut.    44 

154 


Eun 
II 


II 


II 


i< 


II 


11 


II 


158 
200 
249 

275 

281 

568 
628 

743 
862 

315 
452 

457 
624 

"       843 

•'       846 

Phorm.135 


II 
11 
II 

II 

it 

II 
II 
II 

Hec. 
II 

<i 

II 


reddetur  19 

emergi  23 
ignotumst,  tacitumst, 

creditumst  19 

defunctum  sit  19 

factum  16 

cessatum  est  16 

factum  38 

factumst  16 

fletur  23 

itur  26 

renuntiatumst  34 

statur  16 

conclamatumst  35 

dictum  18 

factum  16 

commissum  erit  18 

dictumst  16 

curritur  26 

vivitur  35 

peccatum  est  38 

mansum  19 

factum  est  38 

ventum  est  23 

interventum  est  23 

factum  20 

factum  est  20 

eatur  23 

inceptumst  16 

trepidari,  cursari  36 

factum  16 

creditur  16 

factum  est  38 

visumst  16 

factum  16 
persuasumst,  factumst, 
ventumst       20,  23,  23 


It 

4i 
<l 
l( 
II 
It 
<i 


283 
402 
640 

773 

778 

lOOI 

1006 

lOIO 


L.L.    5.47 
"     5.74 


ventumst 

dici 

pervenirier 

discedi 

siletur 

factumst 

factumst 

ventumst 

VARRO 

itur 

dictum  est 


20 
16 

23 

23 
20 

38 
20 
26 

36 
24 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


53 


L.L. 

5  109 

perventum 

17 

L.L.    9.82 

perventum  est               24 

«i 

5  171 

dictum  est 

17 

"     9  92 

responsum  est                17 

II 

6.13 

intercalatur 

37 

"     998 

responderi                      24 

11 

6.16 

sacrificatur 

36 

"9.107 

dictum  est                      17 

II 

6.24 

exitur 

36 

••  9.108 

transitum  est                 33 

II 

6.25 

sacrificatur 

36 

"  10.51 

decurritur                        17 

11 

6.34 

parentetur 

36 

"  10.80 

erratur                             36 

11 

6.72 

agi,  agi 

34,20 

R.  R.I. 2. 4 

navigari                         36 

14 

6.94 

itur 

20 

"   I. 16. 6 

navigari,  evehi,  invehi  36 

II 

732 

dubitatur 

36 

"  I  44  3 

dicetur                           23 

l< 

8.14 

dicitur 

36 

"   2.2.6 

adnumeratum  est, 

it 

8.21 

dictum 

17 

agitur                    20, 23 

It 

8.21 

visum  est 

17 

•*  2.4.20 

bucinatum  est               20 

II 

8.31 

discessum  est 

34 

"  2.6.3 

caveri                              26 

II 

8.39 

transitum 

26 

"  2. II. I 

praedictum  est              25 

II 

9-54 

dicitur 

24 

"3.1.2 

dici                                  36 

II 

9.76 

transiretur 

24 

"3  8.1 

dictum  est                       20 

INDEX  VERBORUM 


abire, 

ahibitur  Plaut.  Merc.  776 
accedere, 

accederetur,  B.  Afr.  31.2 

accessum  sit  Caes.  B.  C.  3.86.3,  B.  G.  5.8.5 
accumbere, 

accubitum  erit  Plaut.  Bacch.  757 
agere, 

actum  esse  Ter.  Ad.  210 

actum  est  M.  G.  590,  Caes.  B.  C.  3. 11 1.5 

actumst  Plaut.  Trin.  308 

ageretur  Caes.  B.  C.  3.109.1 

agi  Varro  L.  L.  6.72,  6.72,  Caes.  B.  C.  1.26.5,  3.1 1 1.5,  B.  G.  5.50.5 

agitur  Varro  R.  R.  2.2.6 
administrare, 

administratum  esset  Caes.  B.  G.  4.23.2 
adnumerarej 

adnumeratum  est  Varro  R.  R.  2.2.6 
adponere, 

adpositumst  Plaut.  M.  G.  758 
adproptnquaret 

adpropinquatum  esset  B.  C.  1.79.4 
amare, 

amatur  Plaut.  Pseud.  273 
ambulare, 

ambulatumsl  Plaut.  True.  369 
animadvortere, 

animadvorteretur  Sail.   Cat.  51.21 
audire, 

auditum  erat  Caes.  B.  C.  2.38.3 

auditum  esse  Nep.  18.9.5 
auscultare, 

auscultabitur  Plaut.  Merc.  465 
hibere, 

bibitur  Plaut.  Most.  235,  Poen.  835 
hucinare, 

bucinatum  est  Varro  R.  R.  2.4.20 
canere^ 

cani  B.  Afr.  40.5,  Caes.  B.  G.  7.47.1 
cavere, 

caveri  Sail.  Jug.   108.2 

caveri  Varro  R.  R.  2.6.3 
celare, 

celabitur  Plaut.  Pers.  246 

54 


A  Sttidy  of  the  Impersonal 


55 


cenare, 

cenatum  est  Nep.  25.14.1 
certare, 

certabatur  Sail.  Jug.  60.1 

certaretur  B.  Alex.  29.3 

certatum  Sail.  Jug.  74.3 

certatur  Sail.  Cat.  60.3,  Jug.  58.1 
cessare, 

cessatum  est  Ter.  Ad.  631 

cessetur  Cato  de  Agr.  39.2 
cognoscere, 

cognitum  est  Caes.  B.  C.  3.86.1,  B.  G.  2.17.2,  5.3. 3 

cognoscitur  Caes.  B.  G.  5.45.4 
committere, 

commissum  erit  Ter.  Eun.  902 
comperire, 

compertum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  6.19.3 
concedere, 

concederetur  Nep.  2.10.5 

concedi  Caes.  B.  G.  1.44.8 

concessum  Sail.  Jug.  102.4 

concessumst  Lucr.  5.1 149 
conclamare, 

conclamari  Caes.  B.  C.  3.75.2 

conclamatum  esset  Caes.  B.  C.  1.67.2 

conclamatumst  Ter.  Eun.  348 

conclamatur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.69.4 
concurrere, 

concurri  Caes.  B.  C.  3.93.1,  B.  G.  2.20.1 

concurritur  B.  Alex.  40.1,  46.3,  53.1,  Caes.  B.  G.  7.4.2,  7.84.2,  Sail.  Jug 
53-2 
concursare, 

concur  sari  Caes.  B.  G.  5.50.5 

concur  sum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  2.33.3 
conducere, 

conductum  erit  Cato  de  Agr.   144.3 
confligere, 

confligeretur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.71.1 

confligitur  B.  Alex.  60.5,  75.3 
constituere, 

constitutum  erat  Caes.  B.  G.  4.11.1 
consulere, 

consuleretur  Sail.  Jug.  13.8,  25.1,  105. 1 

consultum  est  Sail.  Cat.  51.5 
consurgere, 

consurgttur  Caes.  B.  G.  5.3 i.i 
contendere, 

contendebatur  Caes.  B.  G.  2.9.1,  8.10.2 


56 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


contenderetur  Caes.  B.  C.  3.37-3»  B.  G.  8.48.3 
contenditur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.43-5»  B.  G.  7-70-1 
convenire, 

conveniretur  Nep.  14.11.1,  18.7.3 
credere, 

credetur  Plaut.  Pers.  320,  Stich.  509 
credi  Plaut.  Cure.  679,  680,  Caes.  B.C.  2.31.4 
credttumst  Ter.  Ad.  474 
creditur  Ter.  Hec.  457 
curare, 

curabitur  Plaut.  Men.  538,  Most.  401 
curatum  Plaut.  Trin.  138 
curatumst  Plaut.  Rud.  776 
currere, 

curratur  Plaut.   Poen.  553 
curritur  Ter.  Heaut.  44 
cursare^ 

cur  sari  Ter.  Hec.  315 
decernere, 

decermtur  Caes.  B.  C.  1-5-4 
decretum  sit  Nep.  20.3.5 
decerlare, 

decertatum  est  B.  Afr.  19.4,  B.  Alex.  16.5 
dtcurrere, 

decurritur  Varro  L.  L.  10.51,  Caes.  B.  C.  i.5'3 
decursum  siet,  Lucr.  2.962 
definire, 

definitumst  Plaut.  Cist.  519 
defungi, 

defunctum  sit  Ter.  Ad.  508 
deliberare, 

deliheratur  Caes.  B.  G.  7.1 53 
deliberaretur  Nep.  18.7.3 
demigrare, 

demigratum  esse  Caes.  B.  G.  8.7.2 
demonstrare, 

demonstratum  est  B.  Alex.  4.1,  Caes.  B.  C.  1.391.  148.3.  I.56.2,  2.34. 
I,  3.6.2,  3-I5-I.  3-39-1»  3.62.1,  B.G.  428.1 
desistere, 

desisti  Plaut.  M.  G.  737 
desperare, 

desperari  Nep.  1.4.5 
despicere, 

despici  Caes.  B.  G.  7.36.2 
desudascere, 

desudascitur  Plaut.  Bacch.  66 

dicere, 

dicebatur  Caes.  B.  C.  3.96.4.  B.  G.  4''3-5 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


57 


dicetur  Varro  R.  R.  1.44.3 
dicer etur  Caes.  B.  G.  8.7.7 

did  Plaut    Cure    i^^,  T^r    Phnrm.  402.  Varro  R.  R.  3.1.2 

dicitur  Varro  L.  L.  8.14,  9.54 

dictum  Plaut.  Most.  260,  Ter.  Eun.  416,  Varro  L.  L.  8.21 

dictum  erat  Caes.  B.  G.  1.43.2,  Sail.  Jug.  113.6 

dictum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  1.16.2,  1.49-3»  3-20.1,  4-35-1»  5.6.1,  Varro  L.  L. 
5.74,  5. 171,  9.107,  R.  R.  3.8.1,  Nep.  10.  9.5,  Sail.  Jug.  96.1 

dictum  esset  Caes.  B.  C.  1.85. 12,  B.G.  4.13-5»  Nep.  25.2.4 

dictumst  Plaut.  Poen  913,  Pseud.  501,  Ter.  Eun.  1066 
dimicare, 

dimicaretur  B.  Afr.  61. i,  Caes.  B.  C.  1.41.3,  3-63-2,  B.  G.  5.16.I,  8.29.I. 

dimicari  Caes.  B.  C.  3-85-3»  B.  G.  8.12.5,  Nep.  1.45»  I7-2.I 

dimicatum  Caes.  B.  C.  3.72.3 

dimicatum  est  Nep.   1 6.4.1 
discedere 

discedebatur  B.  Afr.  6.6 

discedatur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.26.4 

discederetur  Caes.  B.  C.  3.16.4,  3.1 12.7 

discedi  Caes.  B.  G.  5.19.3,  Ter.  Phorm.  773 

disceditur  Caes.  B.  G.  7.2.3 

discessum  est  B.  Alex.  15.7,  Caes.  B.  C.  1.5-3»  3-87-7»  Varro  L.L.  8  3T 

discessum  sit  Caes.  B.  C.  1.26.4 
disceptare, 

disceptetur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.24.5 
disputare, 

disputatum  esset,  Caes.  B.  C-  1.86.3 

disputaretur  Nep.   15.3.3 

disputatur  Caes.  B.  C.  1. 67. 1 
dubitare, 

dubitatur  Varro  L.  L.  7.32 
edere, 

estur  Plaut.  Most.  235,  Poen.  835 
egere, 

egetur  Plaut.  Pseud.  273 
emergere, 

emergi  Ter.  Ad.  302. 
emerere, 

emeritum  sit  Plaut.  Bacch.  43 
enuntiare, 

enuntiatum  esset  Caes.  B.  G.  1.3T.2 

err  are, 

erratur  Varro  L.  L.  10.80 
evehere, 

evehi  Varro  R.  R.  1.16.6 
exire, 

exiri  Caes.  B.  C.  1.67.2 

exitum  est  Plaut.  Amph.  219 


58 


A  Study  oj  the  Impersonal 


exitur  Plaut.  Cas.  813,  Varro  L.  L.  6.24 
exs  pec  tare, 

exspectari  Caes.  B.  G.  3.24.5 
facer e, 

factum  Caes.  B.  C.  3.100.1,  Plaut.  Bacch.  295,  Cas.  394,  Men.  650,  Poen. 

805,  Ter.  Ad.  561,  662,  Eun.  851,  Heaut.  568,  Hec.  452,  846 
factum  esse  Plaut.  M.  G.  561 
factum  est  Nep.  6.1.2,  10. 10.2,  Plaut.  Amph.  700,  Cure.  714,  Men.  533, 

679,  M.  G.  1332,  Ter.  Heaut.  249,  628,  Hec.  624 
factumst  Plaut.  Amph.  749,  Men.  808,  M.  G.  1091,  Ter.  Ad.  958,  Phorm. 
135,  looi,  1006 
ferre, 

feratur  B.  C.  1.6.6 
flere, 

fletur  Ter.  And.  129 
ignoscere, 

ignotumst  Ter.  Ad.  474 
imperare, 

imperahatur  Sail.  Jug.  53.1 

imperatum  erat  B.  Afr.  88.7,  Caes  B.  C.  1.37-3. 3-93-3»  B.G.  2.11.6,  3.26. 

2,  5-  7.9.  547-3.  Nep.  18.9.5,  Sail.  Jug.  29.6 
imperatum  est  Caes.  B.  C.  2.22.5,  2.25.7,  B.  G.  6.30.1,  Plaut.  Most.  314 
imperatumst  Plaut.  Pseud.  11 13,  Trin.  600 
impetrire, 

impetritum  Plaut.  As.  259 
inaugurare, 

inauguratumst  Plaut.  As.  259 
incipere, 

inceptumst  Ter.  Heaut.  862 
intellegere, 

intellectum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  2.33.2 
inter  calare, 

tntercalatur  Varro  L.  L.  6.13 
interkalatum  erit  Cato  de  Agr.  150. 1 
interdtcere, 

interdictum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  6.13.7 
intervenirey 

interventum  est  Ter.  Heaut.  281 
intrare, 

intrari  Caes.  B.  G.  2.17.4 
invadere, 

invaditur  Sail.  Jug.  113.6 
invehere, 

invehi  Varro  R.  R.  1.16.6 
invidere, 

invideatur  Plaut.  Bacch.  544 
invidetur  Plaut.  True.  746 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


59 


eatur  Ter.  Heaut.  743 

ihitur  Plaut  Cas.  758a,  Trin.  578^  True.  667 

iretur  Caes.  B.  G.  3.24.5,  7.16.3 

itum  est  Caes.  B.  C.  3.26.5,  Sail.  Jug.  5.1 

itur  Plaut.  Aul.  527,  Bacch.  447,  Pseud.  453,  Ter.  And.  251, 
Varro  L.  L.  5.47,  6.94. 
iudicare, 

iudican  Nep.  4.3.7 

iudtcatum  foret  Nep.  6.3.5 
inhere, 

iussitur  Cato  de  Agr.  14.  i 

iussum  erat  Sail.  Jug.  62.7 
labor  are, 

laboratur  Caes.  B.  G.  7.85.4 
locare, 

locatum  erit  Cato  de  Agr.  144.3 
lugere, 

lugetur  Catullus  39.5 
mandare, 

mandatum  Plaut.  Trin.   138 

mandatum  erat  B.  Afr.  4.3 

mandatum  esset  Caes.  B.  G.  1.30-5 
manere, 

maneatur  Caes.  B.  G.  5-31-5 

mansum  Ter.  Heaut.  200 
navigare 

navigari  Caes.  B.  G.  4.31.3,  Varro  R.  R.  1.2.4,  1.16.6 
nocere, 

noceretur  Caes.  B.G.  6.34.7 

noceri  Caes.  B.  C.  2.16.2,  B.  G.  3-I4-' 
nuntiare, 

nuntiari  Caes.  B.  G.  7.9-5.  Sail.  Jug.  28.3 
occur  r  ere, 

occurrebatur  Caes.  B.  G.  7- 16.3 

occurreretur  Caes.  B.  G.  7-24.4 

occurri  Lucr.  6.32 

occursum  est  B.  Alex.  9.2 
offendere, 

offensum  esset  Caes.  B.  C.  3.72.4 
parentare, 

parentetut  Varro  L.  L.6.34 

peccare, 

peccatum  est  Ter.  Heaut.  158 

perferre, 

perlatum  esse  Nep.  6.  4.1 
perspicere, 

perspectum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  2.32.4 

perspici  Caes.  B.  G.  2.17.4 


6o 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


persuadere, 

persuasumst  Ter.  Phorm.  135 

pervenire, 

perveniretur  B.  Afr.  50.1 

perveniri  Nep.  18.8.4 

pervenirier  Ter.  Phorm.  640 

perventum  Caes.  B.  G.  5.25.5,  7-35-5 

perventum  esset  Caes.  B.  C.  3.6.1 

perventum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  6.11.1,  Nep.  19.4. 1,  Sail.  Jug.  107.7. 
Varro  L.  L.  5.109,  9.82 
philosophari, 

philosophatum  est  Plaut.  Pseud.  687 
potare, 

potarier  Plaut.  Most.  958 
postulare, 

postulatum  est  Caes.  B.  C.  1.87.3 

postulatumst  Plaut.  Poen.  756 
praeciperCf 

praceptum  erat  Caes.  B.  C.  3.14.1,  3-93I»  B.  G.  1.22.3,  5-48.7.  747  2, 
8.27.5,  Sail.  Cat.  45.2,  55.5 

praeceptum  fuerat  Sail.  Jug.  52.3,  109.3 

praeceptumst  Plaut.  M.  G.  1173. 
praedtcere, 

praedicitur  Plaut  Pseud.  516 

praedictum  est  Varro  R.  R.  2.1 1. 1 
praenuntiare, 

praenuntiatum  esse  Nep.  18.9.4 
procedere, 

proceditur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.80.1 

processum  est  B.  Alex.  39.2 
provenire, 

provenium  est  Plaut.  Men.  964 
providere, 

provisum  erat  Caes.  B.  G.  3.18.6 
pugnare, 

pugnabatur  B.  Alex.  19.6,  31. i,  Caes.  B.  C.  1.26.1,  1.456,  3.111.3 

pugnarctur  B.  Afr.  18.4,  B.  Alex.  2.3,  Caes.  B.  G.  3.5.1,  3.15-4»  3-25-I. 
5-3S.5»  5-44-3.  7-25-1.  7-50.i,  7-76-5.  7-8o.6,  7.87.1 

pugnari  B.  Afr.  82.3,  Caes.  B.  G.  2.33.4,  7.49.1.  B.  H.  15.5 

pugnatum  Sail.  Jug.  107. i,  1 14. 1 

pugnatum  erat  Nep.  14.8.3 

pugnatum  esset  Caes.  B.  C.  1.46.1,  B.  G.  1.26.4,  3.22.4,  Nep.  18.4.1 

pugnatum  est  Caes.  B.  C.  1.46.3,  1.474.  1-57-3.  3-52.1,  3.67.5,3.111.2, 
3.112.7,  B.  G.  1.26.1,   1.26.3,   1-50-3.  1-52.4.  2.10.1,   2.33.4,  3.21. 1, 
4.26.1,  B.  H.  11.2,  13.7,  23.8 
pugnatum  sit  Caes.  B.  G.  1.26.2 
pugnatur  B.  Alex.  40.1,  62.3,  B.  C.  1.80.1,  1.80.5,  B.  G.  7-67.2,  7.84.2, 

8.19-3 
pugnetur  B.  Alex.  63.3 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


61 


reddere, 

reddetur  Ter.  Ad.  279 
redire^ 

rediri  Caes.  B.  C.  3.16.5 

reditum  erat  Nep.  8.3.3 

reditum  est  Nep.  15.8.1 

rediretur  B.  Afr.  18.4 
rejerre, 

referatur  Sail.  Cat.  48.5 

referretur  Caes.  B.  C.  i.i.l 

referri  Caes.  B.  C.  1.2.2 

refertur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.2.7,  1-6.3,  1-6.3 
renuntiare, 

renuntiatumst  Ter.  And.  501 
resistere, 

resisteretur  Caes.  B.  G.  5.30.1 

resisti  Caes.  B.  C.  3.63.2,  B.G.  8.1.2,  Sail.  Jug.  67.2 

resistitur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.4.1,  B.  G.  5.40.3 
res  ponder  e, 

responderi  Varro  L.  L.  9.98 

responsum  est  Varro  L.  L.  9.92 

responsumst  Plaut.  Cure.  336,  M.  G.  1085 
revenire^ 

reventum  est  Amph.  942 
sacrificare, 

sacrtficatur  Varro  L.  L.  6.16,  6.25 
saltarCt 

saltatum  est  Plaut.  Stich.  774 
scribere^ 

scriptum  est  Cato  de  Agr.  118,  Nep.  2.10.4,  Plaud.  Pseud.  74 
stlere, 

siletur  Ter.  Phorm.  778,  Sail.  Cat.  2.8 
sistere, 

sisti  Plaut.  Trin.  720 
stare^ 

statur  Plaut.  Pseud.  457,  Ter.  Eun.  271 
substernere^ 

substernatur  Cato  de  Agr.  5.7 
subvemre, 

subveniretur  Sail.  Jug.  54.10 

subventum  foret  B.  Afr.  26.3 
succurrere, 

succurratur  Caes.  B.  C.  3.80.3 

succurri  B.  Alex.  1.5,  Caes  B.  C.  3.52.1 
sustentare, 

sustentatum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  2.6.1 

sustentatumst  Plaut.  Stich.  467,586 


62 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


tacere, 

taciturn  erit  Plaut.  Pers.  246 

tacitumst  Ter.  Ad.  474 
transtre, 

transiretur  Varro  L.  L.  9.76 

transitum  est  Varro  L.  L.  9.108 

transitum  Varro  L.  L.  8.39 
trepidare, 

trepidari  Ter.  Hec.  315 

trepidatur  Caes.  B.  G.  6.37.6,  Lucr.  3.598 

tumultuaret 

tumultuari  Caes.  B.  G.  7-6 1.3 
turbare, 

turbatur  Lucr.  6.377 
venire, 

veniatur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.87. 1 

veniretur  Caes.  B.  G.  7.28.1,  Sail  Jug.  112.3,  113.2 

rewfWCaes.  B.C.  i.67.i,B.G.3-3-2.5-56-i. 7.36.7,7.70.6, Plaut. Rud.271 

venitur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.84.3 

ventum  Sail.  Jug.  75.7 

ventum  erat  Caes.  B.  C.  1.58.2,  B.  G.  2.1 1.4,  3.23.2,  Sail.  Jug.  76.5 

ventum  esset  B.  Alex.  25.5,  Caes.  B.C.  3.195.  333.1.  3.75.4.  B.  G.  7.61. 

I,  8.23.5,  B.  H.  27.6,  33.2,  35.1 
ventum  est  B.  Alex.  14.1,  31.2,  Caes.  B.  G.  1.43.4.  428.1,  5.26.1, 

6.43.4.  Catullus  39.2.  Plaut.  Cure.  646,  Sail.  Cat.  50.5,   60.2,    Jug. 

53.  2,  91. 1,  Ter.  Heaut.  275 
ventumst  Plaut.  M.  G.  1403,  True.  9,  Ter.  Phorm.  135,  283,  loio 

vindicare, 

vindicatum  Sail.  Jug.  31.  26 

vindicatum  est  Sail.  Cat.  9.4 
videre, 

visum  est  B.  Alex.  2.5,  Caes.  B.  C.  2.9.9,  B.  G.  4.8.1, 
5.58.3,  Varro  L.  L.  8.21 

visumst  Plaut.  Merc.  324,  Ter.  Hec.  843 

vivere, 

vivi   Lucr.    5.18 

vivitur  Plaut.  Pers.  17b,  Trin.  65,  Trin.  65,  Ter.  Heaut.  154. 


